The Qing government has always regarded Kanto as their rising place, "the land of prosperity", and they have implemented a national hierarchy and segregation system, prohibiting Han people from entering Kanto for farming. Shunzhi, the first Manchu emperor in Qing Dynasty, warned Manchu nobles that if there was no way out one day, they could retreat to Kanto.
Shunzhi also ordered the construction of a "wicker edge" along the Liaodong side wall in the Ming Dynasty to separate kanto region from the Central Plains. The wicker edge starts from Fengcheng, Liaoning Province in the east and reaches Shanhaiguan in the west. Trenches are dug, piles of soil are dikes, willows are inserted on the dikes, fences are built, and garrisons guard them. People in Shanhaiguan can only go out with tickets printed by the government.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, in order to preserve Manchu customs in kanto region and prevent Manchu from being sinicized, Han people were still prohibited from entering Kanto.
1668 implemented the policy of forbidding ethnic groups, resulting in a large number of no-man's land in kanto region. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty issued an imperial edict, which clearly stipulated that farming and logging were prohibited in Kanto land, and a large area of wasteland was reserved, and the custom of riding, shooting and hunting with the Eight Banners was maintained.
Since the promulgation of the law, the Kanto ban was formally incorporated into the national legal system, and the Qing government intensified its investigation on customs clearance personnel, searching for Han people who secretly passed through customs in kanto region, and sent them back to their original places once they were found. Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang were strictly protected as political and economic special zones of the Qing Dynasty.
/kloc-in the 9th century, the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from famine year after year, but the Qing government still prohibited people from entering Kanto. However, farmers who have no livelihood ignored the ban, and thousands of people risked being punished to "rush" into Kanto.
Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi are the majority of the people who broke through the Kanto, with Shandong being the most. In some areas of Shandong, almost every village and every family has a journey to the east. Even the young people in the village, if they don't go to Kanto, are regarded as enterprising by the villagers.
The route of "crossing Kanto" is divided into land and sea. Land is through Shanhaiguan, across the Great Wall and into western Liaoning and kanto region. This route is mainly taken by mainland residents such as Hebei, Henan and Shanxi. The sea route is from Yantai Longkou in Shandong Peninsula to Dalian in Liaodong Peninsula by boat. The people who take this route are mainly from Shandong.
Guandong is the second hometown of Shandong people, where there are their old folks. Once life is difficult or they encounter natural or man-made disasters, their first thought is to visit relatives and friends in Guangdong in order to tide over the difficulties.
People are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The wave of "going to the East" is higher and higher, which means that the culture of the Central Plains has been promoted to kanto region on a large scale, and cultural exchanges have entered a new stage.
The appearance of Shandong Village and hebei village in kanto region, from the cultural level, is actually a plane transfer of Qilu culture, Yanzhao culture and Wuyue culture. In addition, they have an absolute advantage in numbers, so they have every reason to keep their own culture.
Kanto region's stable population should be said to be a compound group, mainly composed of Han people from all over the country, including Manchu, Mongolian, Korean, Xibo, Oroqen, Daur, Hezhe and other ethnic minorities. The multi-ethnic integration and communication endow kanto region's literature and art with sufficient vitality and charm.
The result of this multicultural collision is to create an inclusive and open Kanto culture.
It can be said that North China and kanto region began to merge in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethics and economic behavior.
In terms of language, these Central Plains immigrants merged with the local aborigines in kanto region, and gradually produced the Northeast ethnic group. The Central Plains Chinese they spoke also absorbed the language elements of the local aborigines such as Manchu and Mongolian, and produced the Kanto Mandarin. The formation of northeast dialect is also a language system produced by the integration of southern dialect and northern tone.
In terms of diet, kanto region's diet culture eventually became the product of the combination of Kanto nomadic people and the diet culture from the Central Plains.
Shandong cuisine is popular in the northeast market because many Shandong people "travel eastward". Shandong people like to eat green onions. They often eat "scallion pancakes". After "going east", Kanto people also like to eat like this. In addition, they also inherited the eating habit of dipping green onions in sauce from Shandong people.
In terms of entertainment, some tunes of Errenzhuan are borrowed from Shandong's Pipi Opera. Its vocals are mainly northeast folk and Yangko, and it absorbs the tunes of Northeast Drum, Lotus Falls, Pingxi and Shandong Bangzi.
Yangko originated in the south, and it was a form of entertainment for working people to transplant rice or have a rest in the past. With the rhythm of labor, dance movements imitate the posture of labor. Later, it was fixed and formalized. After yangko appeared, it gradually spread to the north, but it was replaced by dance in the south and took root in the north.
According to historical records, as early as the Kangxi period, kanto region had the custom of holding Yangko on "Shangyuan Day". By the end of the Qing Dynasty, yangko dancing was a Spring Festival entertainment activity all over Kanto.
In terms of regional character, the immigrant culture of "going to Kanto" also gave birth to the bold and simple regional character of Kanto people. Kanto region is vast and sparsely populated, and its living conditions are harsh and hard, which has created the strong physique and vigorous, open-minded, simple and martial character of the Northeast people. At the same time, the courage and boldness of the pioneers of "Crossing the Kanto" also greatly influenced the Kanto people, forming their pioneering, sentimental, straightforward and helpful characters.
Shandong people, Hebei people and Shanxi people who have traveled to the Guandong have opened many shops in kanto region. For example, Shandong people founded Tencel Room and Jishun Silk Room in Shenyang. People in Hebei have opened Guangshengtang drugstore and Laojiuhua washing and dyeing shop. Shanxi people set up Tianyitang drugstore and so on.
Shensi Room is the earliest department store in Shenyang. Because women of Manchu, Xibe and other nationalities in Qing Dynasty loved hand embroidery, such as embroidery on sleeves, pillowcases, uppers, purses and other objects, silk thread for embroidery became a hot commodity at that time. But at that time, there was no workshop for producing silk thread in Shenyang, and all of them were shipped by small traders from Shandong and other places.
1676, two brothers, Shan Liwen and Shan Wenxing, from Huangxian County, Shandong Province, came to Shengjing from Shandong to walk the streets and sell silk thread. Because of their prosperous business, they set up Tencel Blending Room and run a cloth department store.
Since then, silk houses have sprung up like mushrooms after rain in the city. Among them, the Jishun Silk House built a five-story house at 1925, and six silk houses of "Heaven", "Xing", "Ji", "Red", "Jade" and "Money" were formed at one time. The founders are all from Huangxian County, Shandong Province, commonly known as "Huangxianbang".
Wu, a blacksmith in Shaanxi, was born in a poor family. At the age of 20, he made a living by "going to the East". He was trapped in an inn in Shenyang because he had no money. After being instructed to dig ginseng in the deep forest, I once dug a "ginseng doll" that weighed eight times, and gradually made a fortune.
The owner of this hotel betrothed his daughter to him. After Wu became rich, he built a mansion and bought land in Shenyang, and set up 265,438+0 businesses in various places, such as frying pans, pawn shops, satin shops, grocery stores and drug stores, among which Tianyitang, founded in 65,438+0824, was the largest pharmacy in Shenyang at that time.
The history of "going to the East" is preserved in many northeast folk stories, which convey a lot of information about Shandong immigrants, such as their hardworking nature and deep homesickness, as well as the traditional virtue of fellow villagers helping each other because of poverty.
Among many folk stories reflecting Shandong immigrants, the most representative one is the story of Lao Li with a bald tail. The story of Lao Li with bald tail is widely circulated in Northeast China, but there are different versions.
One of the most representative legends is that there is a family named Li in Shandong, but there are no children. One day, the hostess went to the river to wash clothes. She was excited. Three years later, a little black dragon was born. His wife was scared to death on the spot.
Li Laohan pulled out a sickle and cut it at Xiaolong. After the tail was cut off, Xiaolong jumped out of the house, nodded to the hut three times, bid farewell to his parents, fled in the clouds and floated to the northeast. Turned into a human form and went to a rich family to do long-term work.
The rich man has a beautiful dumb daughter who can talk when she sees Lao Li with a bald tail. The rich man married his daughter to Lao Li with a bald tail. One year, there was a drought in Shandong, and Lao Li, with a bald tail, couldn't bear to see the people suffer. It rained heavily in private and offended the Jade Emperor.
The Jade Emperor sent a white dragon to catch Lao Li with a bald tail. The two dragons fought from Shandong to the northeast for three days and three nights, regardless of the outcome. On the fourth day, the bald-tailed Lao Li had a dream for his daughter-in-law, asking her to gather the villagers in Shandong on the third day of the sixth lunar month and prepare some quicklime to help him fight.
In order to repay the kindness, Shandong fellow villagers went to the northeast. On the third day of June, two dragons fought again. The river is muddy and the sky is dark. Shandong villagers threw quicklime into the river, and the two dragons died together.
In memory of Lao Li with bald tail, people call this river "Heilongjiang".
Entry into the customs is a historical and cultural phenomenon, which embodies a kind of "entry spirit". The spirit of "going east" is rich in connotation, a spirit of being brave in pioneering, a spirit of perseverance, self-improvement and hard struggle, and a spirit of being open-minded, tolerant, honest and trustworthy.
The spirit of "going to Kanto" and Kanto culture are important components of Chinese national spirit and excellent culture, and they are entrepreneurial spirit and entrepreneurial culture with typical Kanto regional characteristics.
It comes from the long-term integration of the thick Central Plains culture and the rough and bold northern culture, and is deeply rooted in the black land of Kanto. Its influence has already broken through kanto region, and it is a precious spiritual wealth and cultural wealth of the Chinese nation.