1, sorghum, millet of Gramineae. Culms are stout and erect, with supporting roots at the base nodes. Leaf sheaths glabrous or a little powdery; Ligule is hard, the apex is round, and the edge is ciliate. Sex likes warmth, drought tolerance and waterlogging tolerance.
2. According to characters and uses, it can be divided into edible sorghum, sugar sorghum and broom sorghum. China is widely cultivated, especially in the northeast. Edible sorghum grains are used for food and wine making. The stem of sugar sorghum can be made into syrup or raw food; The broom can be a broom or a cooking broom with sorghum ears; Silage the tender leaves in the shade, or use them as feed after drying; Clove can be used as medicine, eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm, calming the heart and calming the nerves. Belonging to cash crops.
3. panicum miliaceum. The culm is stout and erect, with a height of 3-5 meters and a transverse diameter of 2-5 cm, and the basal nodes have supporting roots. Leaf sheaths glabrous or a little powdery; Ligule is hard, the apex is round, and the edge is ciliated; Leaf blade is linear to linear-lanceolate, 40-70 cm long and 3-8 cm wide, the apex is gradually pointed, the base is round or slightly ear-shaped, the surface is dark green, the back is light green or white, both sides are hairless, the edge is cartilaginous, with fine bristles, and the midvein is wide and white.
4. The spike is loose, the main shaft is exposed, the length is15-45cm, and the width is 4 4- 10/0cm. The total handle is upright or slightly curved; The main shaft has longitudinal edges, sparsely villous, 3-7 branches, whorled, rough or villous, and the base is dense; Each raceme has 3-6 nodes, which are rough or slightly flat; Sessile spikelets obovate or obovate-elliptic, 4.5-6 mm long and 3.5-4.5 mm wide, with pure basal plate and bearded hair; Both glumes are leathery, usually hairy on the top and edges, starting with yellow-green, and becoming red to dark brown when mature.
5. The back of the first glume is convex, the upper part of 1/3 is thin, the edge is folded with narrow wings, and it is hard and shiny downward, with 12- 16 veins, only reaching the middle, with transverse veins and sharp tips or 3 small teeth; The second glume has 7-9 veins, the back is round, there is no obvious ridge near the top, it is boat-shaped, and the edge has fine hairs; Lemma is transparent, membranous, the first lemma is lanceolate, with long cilia at the edge; The second lemma is lanceolate to oblong, with 2-4 veins, the top of which is slightly 2-cleft, and a bent knee awn extends from the cleft tooth, which is about14 mm long; Stamens 3, anthers about 3 mm long; Ovary obovate; Style divided, stigma broom-like.
Second, the main value of sorghum
1. Gramineae herb corn seeds. Also known as Jim, Shu Qi, Lu Su and Bi Liang. It is cultivated all over China. Harvest ripe fruits in autumn, and dry them in the sun to remove their skins and shells. Sweet, astringent and warm. It can strengthen the spleen, warm the middle warmer, astringe the intestines and stop diarrhea. Used for spleen and stomach weakness, dyspepsia and loose stool diarrhea.
2. It is a traditional practice to comprehensively utilize the grain, spike (inflorescence), spike and stem of sorghum in China. Sorghum seeds are processed into sorghum rice, which is food in China, Korea, the former Soviet Union, India and Africa. The main eating method is to cook or grind rice into powder and then make it into other foods, such as noodles, noodles, rolls, pancakes, steamed cakes, sticky cakes and so on. Besides food, sorghum can also be used to make starch, sugar, wine and alcohol.
In the early 1950s, sorghum was once the staple food in Northeast China. Maotai, Fenjiu and other famous wines take sorghum as the main raw material. Sweet sorghum stalk contains a lot of juice and sugar, which is a new type of sugar crop, feed crop and energy crop. In China, Korea, the former Soviet Union, India and Africa, they are all food. Recipe: Roasted ribs with sorghum liquor, sorghum rice porridge, sorghum porridge, sorghum pork belly porridge, sorghum rice cake, etc.
4. Sorghum protein is slightly higher than corn, but its quality is also poor, lacking lysine and tryptophan, and its protein digestibility is low. The reason is that there are many intermolecular crosslinks between sorghum gliadin, and there is a strong bond between protein and starch, which makes it difficult for the enzyme to enter into decomposition.
The fat content is 3%, slightly lower than that of corn, and the saturated fatty acids in fatty acids are also slightly higher, so the melting point of fat is also slightly higher. The linoleic acid content is also slightly lower than that of corn. The by-product of sorghum processing is high in crude fat. The crude fat content of air-dried sorghum bran is about 9.5%, and that of fresh sorghum bran is about 8.6%. 4.2% in distiller's grains and 3.5% in vinegar residue. The content of crude fat in seeds is less, only about 3.6%, and the content in sorghum stalks and sorghum shells is also less.
Third, the growth environment of sorghum.
1, temperature
Sorghum, tropical crops and thermophilic crops have certain high temperature tolerance. The suitable temperature for the whole growth period is 20 ~ 30℃, which is not conducive to plant growth and has an impact on sorghum yield and quality. Seeds can germinate at 18 ~ 35℃. 13 ~ 18℃ developed slowly, and the lowest temperature of seed germination was 8 ~ 12℃. When the temperature is low, it is easy to delay the growth of pollen seeds or buds; If the temperature is too high, it is easy to cause the sprouts to be weak and not strong. The suitable temperature for seedling growth is 20 ~ 25℃, and when the temperature is higher than 26℃, it is easy to lead to white growth of seedlings. If the temperature is lower than 18℃, it is easy to cause the seedlings to grow slowly, dwarf and weaken.
Step 2: Moisture
Sorghum has developed root system, which is both drought-resistant and waterlogging-resistant. The water requirements at different growth stages are also different, and suitable water conditions can promote plant growth and development. When sowing, the soil water holding capacity should not be too high, and it should be 15% ~ 20%. From emergence to seedling stage, the plants are short and grow slowly, and the water demand only accounts for 65,438+00% of that of water requirement during whole growth stages. Proper control of soil moisture is not only beneficial to seedling growth, but also can accelerate the formation of vegetative organs. Proper water control can promote the rooting and play the role of "squatting seedlings". The period from jointing stage to booting stage is the fastest growth period of sorghum, and it is also the period with the largest water demand of sorghum, which is the key period to determine the yield and quality of sorghum. The water demand at this stage accounts for about 30% ~ 40% of the total water demand. Heading and flowering stage is an important stage of panicle differentiation. Leaves and stems grow rapidly and ears gradually form. Lack of water at this stage will affect the flower quantity, the viability of pollen and stigma will be reduced, fertilization will be poor, ear differentiation will be affected, and bald tips will be caused.
3. Lighting equipment
Sorghum likes light and is a short-day crop. Adequate light is needed throughout the growing period. Light plays a leading role in the growth and development of sorghum, and sufficient light is a necessary condition for high yield of sorghum. At the seedling stage, suitable light can promote the growth of seedlings, while insufficient light can make the growth of seedlings slow and weak. Sufficient light conditions after jointing can promote photosynthesis and nutrient transformation, which is beneficial to plant growth and development and lays the foundation for differentiation and heading. Proper light from heading to filling stage can promote filling and increase 1000-grain weight. The flowering stage, heading stage and filling stage are cloudy, and insufficient light will lead to delayed flowering stage, poor pollination, reduced grains per panicle and insufficient filling, which will seriously affect the yield and quality of sorghum. Insufficient light or continuous rain at booting stage will lead to poor development of young panicles at the base and the phenomenon of "bald neck".
4. Land
Sorghum has developed root system, strong adaptability to soil pH, and is not very strict with soil conditions. Saline-alkali tolerance, barren, strong absorption ability from soil. Suitable for neutral soil planting, sandy loam with loose soil, deep soil layer and rich organic matter should be selected for planting. Sorghum has better saline-alkali tolerance than corn and other crops, but it is sensitive to saline-alkali at seedling stage. Soil with heavy, alkaline or acidic soil can also be planted, and better benefits can be obtained by properly improving the soil environment.