There are more than 5,000 ancient cypresses in Beijing, which are over 500 years old, accounting for the vast majority of the first-class ancient trees in Beijing. Most of them were planted in Liao, Jin and Ming Dynasties, dating back to the Tang Dynasty. Among them, Ming cypress is the most abundant, because many altars and temples for royal sacrifices were built during Yongle and Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, and cypress trees with long life, evergreen and immortal roots were widely planted in these altars and temples. To show the meaning of "the mountains and rivers will last forever, and the earth will last forever". In the folk, people in many places also regard Cooper as the "god cypress" of auspicious Changrui. Among the coopers in Beijing, there are many famous coopers, which are famous for their ancient age, fantastic posture and interesting rumors.
Outside the south gate of the Shejitan in Zhongshan Park, seven towering ancient cypresses stand tall, with lush green crowns as high as more than 20 meters, and the twisted sky and thick trunk circumference are four trees as high as 6 meters. The site was originally the site of xingguo temple in Liao Dynasty. These seven ancient cypresses are the remains of that year, which have been 1000 years. People call it "Zhongshan Liao Bai" or "Leitian". Among them, the easternmost Cooper is very strange. In its thick cracks, a tall pagoda tree has grown. There are two trees, Sophora japonica and Cyperus japonica, which are flourishing and full of interest. They have naturally coexisted for more than 300 years and are rare treasures in gardens. People call it "Huaibaibao", which is one of the famous "wonders of Cooper" in Beijing.
On the northwest side outside the echo wall of the Temple of Heaven, stands an ancient cypress, which is called "a wonderful cypress in the world". Gundam18m, dry week 3.8m.. It has been planted for more than 580 years since the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. It is unique in that on its thick trunk, it is completely twisted and twisted from top to bottom, like a few dragons twisted and twisted, and like a bundle of steel bars, hence the name "Jiulong White". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the emperor went to Waqiu altar to worship heaven, he had to pass by this cypress, so it was also called "Kowloon welcomes the saints". According to legend, when the emperor offered sacrifices to heaven, nine golden dragons flew out of cypress trees and circled over the oasis altar. After the worship, Jinlong flew back to Cypress.
This kind of Cooper with strange and beautiful dry patterns like "Nine Dragons" is unique in the world, so it is particularly precious. According to the research of foresters, it may be because the epidermal cells divide unevenly. There are also famous cypress trees in the Temple of Heaven, such as "Huaibaibao", "Yingbin cypress", "Asking for Heaven cypress" and "Lotus cypress".
In the Confucius Temple in Andingmen Guozijian Street, there is a dense ancient Berlin. In the front and west of Dacheng Hall stands a giant cypress, which is the famous "rape-resistant cypress" in Beijing.
It is said that it was planted by Xu Heng, the first drinker in imperial academy in Yuan Dynasty (equivalent to the president of a university), and it has a history of more than 700 years. It is more than 20 meters high and its dry cycle is 5.3 meters long. Legend has it that during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, one year the traitor Yan Song came to the Confucius Temple to offer sacrifices to Confucius. When he passed by this cypress tree, his black hat was torn off by its branches. Legend has it that when Wei Zhongxian passed by this cypress in the next year, a strong wind suddenly blew, and a big branch on the cypress broke off and hit Wei on the head, so people also called it "touching the traitor cypress".
On the west side of the monument building in the front yard of Confucius Temple, there are also "cypresses", and two "General cypresses" and "Arhat cypresses" stand side by side on the west side of Dacheng Hall.
The "Lianlibai" of Tianyimen in the Imperial Garden of the Forbidden City has a long-standing reputation. It is composed of two ancient cypresses, the double trunk spans the central axis of Beijing, and the upper part grows relatively obliquely. Their crowns are intertwined, and the xylem inside the intersecting part of the trunk has been integrated into a tree. People in China always like to regard the knot of a tree as a symbol of faithful love. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, has a famous saying: "We hope that two birds will become one, fly in the sky, live and grow together on the earth, and have two branches in one tree." Puyi, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and Wanrong, the empress, once took a group photo in front of this cypress tree. In the Imperial Garden, there are "Shade for cypress" beside the algae hall, "Hump cypress" in the north of Wanchun Pavilion, "Phoenix cypress" in the southwest of the pavilion, "Arhat cypress" in the east of Yan Hui Pavilion, and eighteen "Eighteen Arhat cypresses" in the west of the garden from south to north, all of which are tall and majestic.
On the south side of the water source of Cherry Valley in Xishan, there stands a huge stone inclined to the east. An ancient cypress stands proudly at the top of the huge stone with a unique posture, and is called "cypress on the stone".
Interestingly, this strange cypress on the stone is actually related to two great ancient literati-Sun Chengze, who lived in the cherry ditch in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and called this ditch "retreat from the valley", and wrote "Dream in the Spring" and "A Tale of Abundance". He described "cypress tree on the stone" in Dream in the Spring of Ming Dynasty, and wrote: "It is also a miracle in the rock to uproot an ancient juniper tree and hang two stones upside down." In addition, according to legend, when Cao Xueqin lived in Zhengbaiqi Village of Xishan, he often visited Cherry Valley. He was greatly inspired by the spectacle of "pine and cypress on the stone" and "marriage of wood and stone", so he wrote a book about Huangye Village to keep out the wind and created the world-famous Dream of Red Mansions.
Tanzhe Temple, an ancient temple in the west of Beijing, is the oldest Buddhist shrine in Beijing. In the abbot's courtyard where eminent monks lived, there are two towering cypresses, both of which are more than 30 meters high, the highest in Beijing.
These two ancient cypresses were planted in Liao Dynasty, hence the name "Millennium cypress". They also have the color of Buddhist culture. Because of its lofty position in the cloud, it is said that the monks in the temple rose to heaven from here, so it is also called "ascending to heaven". Therefore, "Millennium cypress" is regarded as a sacred tree in the temple.
To the west of the Piluge Temple, stands a cypress tree with a west slope, which is also full of Buddhist culture, and is called "all the best". Because there is a Buddha in the temple who is in charge of the cause.
In front of the site of Guandi Temple in Xinchengzi, Miyun County stands a huge Cooper, 25 meters high and 7.5 meters long. It was planted in the Tang Dynasty and has been 1300 years. It is the "best Cooper" in Beijing. Because its thick trunk needs several people to stretch out their arms to surround it, its crown is composed of eighteen branches, and the thinnest branch is more than one arm, so it is named "Cooper with nine arms and eighteen arms".
Therefore, the crown of cypress is particularly large and the shade area is very wide, so the local villagers call it "crown cypress"; Because it stands in front of Guandi Temple, people call this cypress "temple-protecting cypress" out of admiration for Guandi, and locals regard this cypress as "divine cypress". In the past, all kinds of cloth strips with prayers and blessings were hung on the branches of Cooper, and the villagers nearby hoped that their lives would be auspicious and safe.
In addition, there are deer-shaped cypresses on the west side of the Working People's Cultural Palace, promising cypresses on the back river, welcoming cypresses in the northwest outside the Ditan Fangze Altar, nine cypresses in the southwest of the Ritan Asahi Altar, cypresses in the valley of Zhongnanhai, cypresses in Chengguang in Beihai and Yuanbao, cypresses in the Summer Palace, and "cypresses in the world" on the north side of the entrance to the promenade. Cooper and rhamnose in the Yitang of Xishan Xueyuan Temple, Cooper and snake grapes beside the Gongde Pool in the front yard of the temple, Dragon Tiger and two cypresses in the ruins of Jiaoyuan Temple, cypress, mulberry and dragon claw cypress in Lingshui Village of Xiang Jun Township, mother-holding Cooper in Dingling of the Ming Tombs, incense burner cypress in Longwang Temple in the old county of Yanqing County, double cypress in Fengxiang Temple in Sendai Village of Huairou District and Baoquan in Baiyan Village of Miyun County. Cooper in Beijing, although it has gone through dynasties and vicissitudes, is still flourishing and full of vitality. They are living cultural relics, the witness of Beijing's long history, the representative of the ancient capital and a part of Beijing's splendid culture.
The lush green crown of Cooper and the exquisite ancient buildings set each other off, adorning places of interest with antique, and also dressing up the ancient capital Beijing extraordinarily beautifully. Especially today, people know from the awareness of environmental protection that the ancient Berlin in Beijing's major parks is the "urban forest" of Beijing, the "lung" and "kidney" of downtown, which plays an important role in eliminating air pollution and restoring the blue sky of the capital. So every morning, people love to do morning exercises in the old Berlin parks. It is true that the evergreen people in Cooper live a long life! Cooper Group in Beijing is closely related to people's physical and mental health, and it is a "priceless treasure". Therefore, in 1986, Platycladus orientalis and Sophora japonica are selected as urban trees. In addition, according to the research of foresters, although some of the ancient cypresses in Beijing are "chitose masters" and "longevity stars", they all look young compared with those in the Zhou Dynasty, such as Xuanyuan cypress in the Huangdi Mausoleum in huangling county, Shaanxi, Zhou cypress in Jinci, Taiyuan, Shanxi, General cypress and Second Admiral cypress in Songyang Academy in Songshan, Henan, which have a history of more than 3,000 years. May these precious coopers in Beijing, with the love of the people in the capital, be more vibrant and last forever.
There are more than 80,000 ancient cypresses in the Huangdi Mausoleum in Qiao Shan, huangling county, Shaanxi Province, which is the largest ancient cypress in the world. The cypress planted by Xuanyuan in Huangdi Mausoleum is known as "the father of cypress in the world", with a height of more than 20 meters and a bust of 7.8 meters. Although it has experienced more than 5000 years of wind and frost, it has been dry, strong, beautiful and lush. Crown area 1.78 square meters, and the tree circumference is known as "seven hugs and eight and a half, not counting bumps". Because no other cypress tree in the world is older than it, the British call it "the father of cypress trees in the world".
Cypress, dense branches, many twigs, dense branches, the crown is completely surrounded by branches and leaves, from one side can not see the other side, like a dark green cone. In ancient China, shells were advocated as money. Some experts believe that advocating shells stems from reproductive worship, and the shells advocated by the ancients are conical. Therefore, the name of cypress tree comes from "shell", and the pronunciation of the word "cypress" is similar to "shell", which means a tree with a shell crown. Because cypress trees are like shells, in ancient times, cypress trees also had certain reproductive worship significance. China people planted cypress trees in cemeteries, symbolizing eternal life or metempsychosis, which may be the heritage of ancient reproductive worship.
China people like to plant cypress trees in cemeteries, which originated from a folklore. According to legend, there was an evil beast in ancient times, named raccoon, who liked to steal corpses and livers. Every night, he comes out to dig graves and eat corpses. This beast is flexible, quick-moving, elusive, but afraid of tigers and cypresses. Therefore, in order to avoid this evil beast, the ancients often set up Shi Hu and planted cypress trees in the cemetery.
The reason why the ancients thought cypress could ward off evil spirits was the result of tree worship. In ancient times, there were so-called "White King" and "White King" had gods. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty said that Cao Cao wanted to build a palace, so he cut down a tree called Zhuolong. When the tree was cut down, it bled like a man. A few days later, Cao Cao fell ill and died. The sacred tree must not be desecrated, or it will be punished.
Wu Tong is known as Qingtong, Wu Bi, Sapphire and Wu Ting. It was first seen in the pre-Qin literature "The Book of Songs", and the words "Feng Huangming Yi, Yu Pi Gao Gang" were written in "Yali Life Juan A". The phrase "Wu Tong was born in the morning sun" became the earliest source of the legend of attracting phoenix in Wu Tong. It shows that at the end of summer and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the plane tree was valued by people at that time. Later pre-Qin documents, such as Shangshu, Zhuangzi and Lv Chunqiu, all mentioned buttonwood. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, built a garden and planted trees in it. Fang Shuo Wen Jie Zi said: "Wu Tong Garden is martial arts, and Fu Cha, the old garden of the king of Wu, is also Qinchuan".
Indus was planted in the palace of Han Dynasty. "Miscellanies of Xijing" contains "There are Tongsan, Yitong, Wu Tong and Jingtong in Shanglin Garden" and "There are three phoenix trees in Gongxi, Zuo Wu".
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the planting of buttonwood trees began to increase. Jin Xiahou Zhan's Futong says, "There is a humble bed in the south, and beautiful tung trees are planted in the vestibule." Xie Tiao, a famous scholar in the Southern Dynasties, wrote the poem "You Dong Tang Yongtong": "The solitary tung is more than 100 feet high outside the window; The phrase "leaves are graceful and sparse" means planting tung trees in the yard. Fu Cheng's "Wu Tong Fu" tells the grand occasion of planting trees in front of the door to attract phoenix, including: "Trees in rows, two doors side by side."
Fu Jian, the former king of Qin, planted plane trees on a large scale. "Notes on Fu Jian in the Book of Jin" records that "phoenix is not a phoenix tree, bamboo is not food, and hundreds of thousands of tung trees are planted in Afangcheng". The Book of Qi Yao Min written by the Northern Wei Dynasty says that it will be beautiful, elegant and extremely lovely in the middle of March next year before transplanting in the pavilion.
In the Tang Dynasty, it was very common to plant buttonwood trees. The Story of Sui and Tang Dynasties records: "In the early Tang Dynasty, there were few trees. After filial piety, I was ordered to plant poplars ... or even more trees." Plant buttonwood trees in the palace. Duan Youyang Miscellaneous said: "Licheng (now Jinan) is the residence, the mountain pool of Qiboling Junbao, and there are miscellaneous trees in it? Someone once broke its tung branches, and it was a public day: my phoenix was hurt, and future generations would never dare to break it. " It is planted in a private garden. Li He's poem "A Ballad in the Sky" and "Qin Fei's northern dawn blinds, a small phoenix planted in front of the window" are the portrayal of planting buttonwood trees in the courtyard.
Many buttonwood trees were also planted in the Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu established a music garden in Suzhou. His book "The Story of the Music Garden" said that trees such as sycamore and pine and cypress were planted in the garden, which meant that "the leaves of each family are in harmony with the wind and hurricane, and they are high or towering." Li's "Luoyang Famous Garden" in the Northern Song Dynasty contains Luoyang Famous Garden 19, where there are many phoenix trees, the most famous of which is Cong Chunyuan, and "all tung trees and cypresses are listed". Ji Xu's poem "Huazhou Taishou Garden" is a sentence of "Indus planted, Danshan will come next time", which describes the situation of planting Indus for landscaping in Guanzhou City Guanyuan.
In the Yuan Dynasty, there were phoenix trees in the courtyard, which were used for landscaping, as evidenced by Yuan poetry. For example, Ding Henian's poem "Phoenix Pufang Five Bamboo Pavilions", "Phoenix Wu once heard of this place, so far there are five bamboos all over the mountain", and Xing Wu's poem "Wu Bi Cuizhu Hall". "Tung trees were planted last year, with high green leaves and cool clouds", all of which are descriptions of the landscaping of Chinese parasol trees in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Ming Dynasty, plane trees were often planted in front of courtyards, windows, doors and sidewalks. Wang's "Pavilion Group Fangpu" said: "Indus" has green skin, leaves are short of flowers, elegant and elegant, pleasing to the eye, and people have various pavilions. Chen Jiru's "Small Window" has a configuration for buttonwood trees in the courtyard: "Where there is a quiet room, plant green trees in front and bamboo trees in the back. Put a step on the front eaves, use dark windows in the north, close them in spring and summer to avoid wind and rain, and open them in summer and autumn to cool down. However, Wu Bi's taste: falling leaves in spring and summer, the joy of freedom and harmony; In summer and autumn, shade is used to cover up the fierce power of inflammation and steam. Humble Administrator's Garden is a famous private garden in Suzhou, which was built in the Ming Dynasty. There is a scenic spot of "Wuzhu secluded pavilion" in the garden, and there are phoenix trees and bamboo forests next to it. Now the buttonwood trees have become ancient trees. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, several phoenix trees were also planted in Yangzhou's famous private gardens and cinemas.
In the Qing dynasty, the enthusiasm for planting buttonwood remained undiminished. Chen Fuyao's "Flower Mirror" said that the landscaping of the buttonwood tree is "hidden by vines, and the bamboo tree is quiet, so it is appropriate to go to the deep courtyard and have a quiet pavilion." During the Kangxi period, Gao Shiqi, a famous Zhejiang scholar, built Jiangcun Caotang Garden in Pinghu, Jiaxing, where he lived in seclusion. There is a scene of "Wu Bi Road" in the garden, and its work "Jiangcun Caotang Collection" records that the scene is "Wu Bi Road is behind, and everyone who goes down is dressed. When the dew is clear, the new branches are introduced at the beginning; Light and cool, then a leaf floats; There are all kinds of villas, and there are many here. " Li Dou's "Yangzhou Boat Story" recorded the scenic spot of "Xiahong near the water" as "Xuan Tong is behind Feixia Building, and there are many phoenix trees in the ground". In addition, gardens in Yangzhou Zhang's former residence, Shuangtong Bookstore and Malipo are also famous for planting phoenix trees.
Because the ancients often associated the phoenix with the phoenix, people now often say, "If you plant a plane tree, you will have your own phoenix." . Therefore, in the past, in a well-off family, phoenix trees were often planted in the yard, not only because of its imposing manner, but also because it was a symbol of good luck.
Indus in ancient poetry often has many images and meanings.
1, the image and meaning of noble character.
In ancient poetry, the phoenix tree symbolizes noble and beautiful character. Such as "Feng Huangming Yi", in Jeremy goldkorn. Wutong was born in Chenyang ("The Book of Songs, Elegant Volume I"), and the poet chimed the bells with the phoenix, singing over the hills; The phoenix tree grows wildly, covered with brilliant sunrise, symbolizing noble and beautiful character. Another example is "weeping willows drink clear dew, and the flow is sparse." It's not the autumn wind that makes you aloof "(Yu Shinan's Cicada). This poem, with tall and straight buttonwood trees and sparse green leaves as the shelter of cicadas, describes the nobility of cicadas and implies the beauty of their own character. Zhuangzi also said in Autumn Water: "Husband and wife originated in the South China Sea and flew to the North Sea, which is not a phoenix tree. "Stork is a kind of bird called phoenix in ancient books. It was born in the South China Sea, but flew to the North Sea, and only the phoenix tree was its shelter. The phoenix tree here is also a symbol of nobility. Therefore, there is an ancient saying that "planting tung attracts phoenix".
2. The image and meaning of faithful love.
In ancient times, it was said that the phoenix tree was a male tree, and the phoenix tree was a female tree. The phoenix tree grew together with the old, lived together, and died together. The phoenix tree had tall branches and deep roots. In the poet's pen, it became a symbol of faithful love. Such as: "Raqqa trees are two and two mature, and mandarin ducks die side by side." (Jiao Yong Fu Cao) Another example is "Planting pine and cypress in the east, and planting phoenix trees in the left and right. The leaves are flourishing and the leaves are communicating. " (Peacock Flying Southeast), the poem is covered with branches and leaves of pine, cypress and phoenix trees, symbolizing the loyalty of Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing to love. Isn't it shocking that the couple who pursued pure love and opposed feudal ethics were forced to separate before their death and buried together in Jiuquan after their death?
3. Images and implications of loneliness and sadness.
The wind blows the leaves, and the rain is like a phoenix tree, which is a sad scene. The phoenix tree has become a lonely and sad image in the works of literati. Such as "lonely west wing, bright moon like a hook." The lonely phoenix tree locks the deep courtyard in the clear autumn (Li Yu's "Hui Huan"), vividly writing the lonely phase of the monarch who died in the lonely deep courtyard. The heavy door was locked, and Gu Ying lingered. Only the cold moonlight shed from the cracks in the branches and leaves of the phoenix tree. How sad! He used to be the monarch above all others, but now he is a prisoner, full of sorrow. When is the hatred of national subjugation? Another example is "autumn leaves are a little banana and a little sorrow" (Xu Zaisi's Narcissus Night Rain). On the lonely night in late autumn, the night rain dripped on the phoenix tree and banana, and every sound made the lovesick people generate leave Qiu Si and feel disappointed. This is not only a lovesick song on a rainy night, but also a picture of a beautiful autumn night! Faced with this situation, the pain of acacia rose from the poet's heart. The author's description of the rain-beaten indus plantain is full of emotion, mixed with scenes, sad and confused, and far-reaching in artistic conception.
4. The image and implication of parting.
Among the poems of Tang and Song Dynasties, Wu Tong's feelings of parting and the images and meanings of blaming others are the most. For example, in Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, "Peach and plum blossom, the spring breeze blows, the autumn rain falls, and the willow blossoms bloom", the poet compares the past grand occasion with the present desolation, and depicts the desolate scene after Tang Gaozong lost Yang Guifei because of the Anshi Rebellion. Emperor Tang Ming returned to the palace, witnessed the past and moved the scene. Where is the beauty of the past? By comparing the scenery in spring and autumn, the poet alludes to the lifelong regret brought by the lingering beauty of the monarch. Such as "buttonwood, it rains in the middle of the night, and it is bitter to leave." A leaf, a sound, empty footsteps dripping on Ming "(Wen" More Leakage "), autumn night, cold raindrops fell on the leaves of the plane, a woman living alone in the autumn boudoir, fragile and sensitive heart can no longer bear the pain of parting, lingering, bitter and sad, sleepless all night. Its significance is profound and unforgettable. Another example is "phoenix tree raining, dripping at dusk." "How can I get a sad word this time?" (Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice", Li Qingzhao, who lives alone after her husband's death, suffers from the pain of national ruin and death. At this time, the poetess stood at the window of independence, the rain whipped the phoenix tree, her voice was desolate and lonely, and she deeply missed her husband. These sad words make people cry, which can be called the swan song of writing sadness.