Basic introduction Chinese name: Beijiang River system: one of the main streams of the Pearl River system flows through: Xinfeng, Nanxiong, Yingde and Sanshui. The length of the main stream is 573km, the average gradient is 0.7‰, and the catchment area is 52,068km2. It is also called Mianhe River (upstream), the birthplace of Qinhe River, the length of the river in Damaoshan Province, and Deng Haiguang, Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province. Composition of water system, upstream section, middle section and downstream section, general situation of river basin, hydrological characteristics, control and development. The water system constitutes the Beijiang River system, which originates from damao mountain, Shijie County, Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province, and the mainstream passes through Nanxiong County and Shixing County of Guangdong Province to Shaoguan City, then turns south, and passes through yingde city of Qingyuan City to Sixianjiao, Sanshui District, Foshan City. After merging with the Xijiang River, it flows into the Pearl River Delta and huangge town, Panyu District, Guangzhou. The main stream is 573 kilometers long, with an average gradient of 0.7‰, and the catchment area is 52,068 square kilometers, accounting for 10.3% of the total area of the Pearl River Basin. The main stream is called Zhenjiang (also called Zhenjiang Water) above Shaoguan City, and Beijiang River below Shaoguan City. The first-class tributaries with a basin area greater than 1000 square kilometers include Mojiang, Jinjiang, Wujiang, Nanshui, Jiang Ge, Lianjiang, Huanjiang, Binjiang and Suijiang. The main stream of the upper reaches is above the end of Shazhou in Shaoguan City, which is called Zhenjiang River. The length of the river is 2 12km, and the average river gradient is 0.59‰. The basin covers an area of 7554 square kilometers. There are many mountains and hills in the basin, and a few scattered valley basins. From the upper reaches below Wujing to Mojiangkou, the hilly land below 100 meters is within 10 km on both sides of the river bank, and the mountainous area is outside 10 km. Most river valleys are V-shaped. Main tributaries The main tributaries accepted along the river in this section are Mojiang, Jinjiang and Wujiang. Located on the left bank of the Beijiang River, the Mojiang River originates from the top of the surface pit in Shixing County, and flows from south to north, and joins Zhenjiang at the Shangjiangkou in Shixing County. The catchment area is 1367 square kilometers, and the river is 89 kilometers long, with an average gradient of 2.38‰. Jinjiang, located on the right bank of Beijiang River, originates from Zhudong 'ao, Chongyi County, Jiangxi Province, and joins Zhenjiang at Baimangba, Qujiang County from north to south. The catchment area is 19 13 km2, the river length is 108 km, and the average gradient is 1.7 1‰. Renhua County Station (catchment area 1.476 square kilometers) has an average annual runoff depth of 989.0 mm and an annual runoff of 65.438+0.46 billion cubic meters. There is Danxia landform near Renhua. Wujiang, also known as dancing water. Located on the right bank of Beijiang River, it originates from Sanfengling, Linwu County, Hunan Province, flows into Guangdong Province in the east, and flows into Zhenjiang at the end of Shazhou in Shaoguan City. The catchment area is 7097 square kilometers, the river length is 260 kilometers, the average river slope is 0.9 1‰, the drainage area 1.902 meters, and the annual average runoff of Lishi Station is deep (catchment area is 6976 square kilometers). The riverbed above Shi Ping is relatively open, with little gradient difference. The riverbed below Shi Ping is a canyon zone, of which Lechang Gorge is 50 kilometers long, and the riverbed below Lechang is relatively wide. The main tributary is Nanhuaxi. The main stream in the middle reaches runs from Shazhouwei in Shaoguan City to Feilaixia in Qingyuan City, with a length of 1.73km and an average river slope of 0.65,438+0.25 ‰. River valleys are mostly U-shaped, and rivers are generally straight. There are also four canyons, namely Feilai Gorge in the upper reaches of Qingyuan, which is 9 kilometers long; The blind gorge between Boluokeng and Lianjiang mouth in yingde city is 6 kilometers long; There are Luxiang Gorge and Damiao Gorge between Yingdeli Cave and Qingyuan Hengshi, both of which are less than 100 m in length. The average width of the river is about 400 meters, and the water depth of Blind Gorge and Feilaixia in dry season is 20-30 meters. However, the water depth of rivers with sandbars is often less than 1 m. There is a big cave in Yingde Baojing Palace. Main tributaries The main tributaries along the river in this section are Nanshui, Jiang Ge and Lianjiang. Located on the right bank of Beijiang River, Nanshui originates from Anduntou, Ruyuan County, flows southeast, and joins Beijiang River at Mengzhouba, qujiang district. The catchment area is 1489 km2, the river length is 104 km, and the average river gradient is 4.83‰. Jiangge River is the largest tributary on the left bank of Beijiang River, which originates from the east of Chuandu, wengyuan county, Guangdong Province, flows through wengyuan county, and joins Beijiang River on the east bank of yingde city. The main stream is1.73km long, with a catchment area of 4,847km2, including the whole territory of wengyuan county and parts of Yingde, Xinfeng, Fogang, Qujiang and Li Anping counties. Lianjiang, located on the right bank of Beijiang River, originated from Sanjie Peak in Lianzhou City, Guangdong Province. Its trunk flows to the southeast, passes through Yangshan County and yingde city, and flows into Beijiang River in Zhenjiang Kouzui Village, Lianjiang, Yingde, with a catchment area of 106 1 km2 (the largest tributary of Beijiang River), with a river length of 275km and an average river slope of 0.77‰. The main stream of the lower reaches is from Feilaixia in Sanshui County to the lower reaches of Sixian County, with a length of 83 kilometers and an average gradient of 0.0438+05 ‰. This section is already a plain area with a wide river surface and many dikes on both sides. The 60-kilometer-long Beijiang levee is located in Sanshui County in this section. Main tributaries The main tributaries accepted along the river in this section are Huanjiang, Binjiang and Suijiang. Huanjiang River is located on the left bank of Beijiang River, which originates from Tian Tong candle in Fogang County, flows southwest through Qingyuan County, and flows into Beijiang River at the mouth of Qingyuan River in flood season, with a drainage area of 1.386 square kilometers and a river length of 82 kilometers, with an average river slope of 1.74‰. Damiaoxia (with a drainage area of 472 square kilometers). The annual average runoff depth is 1458.5mm, and the annual runoff is 688 million cubic meters. The main tributaries are Niutou Water, Jiu Si Water and Longnan Water. Riverside, located on the right bank of Beijiang River, originates from Wushan Mountain in Qingyuan City and flows southeast to Qingyuan Feishuikou to join Beijiang River. The drainage area is 1728 km2, the river length is100km, and the average river gradient is 0.8 1‰. Zhukeng Station (catchment area 1.607 square kilometers) has an annual average runoff depth of1.51.5.3mm, with an annual runoff of 2.44 billion cubic meters. Suijiang River is located on the right bank of Beijiang River, which originates from Qiuyading in Lianshan County, flows southeast through Guangning and Sihui counties, and flows into Beijiang River in Maheng, Sihui City, with a catchment area of 7 184 square kilometers, a river length of 226 kilometers and an average river slope of 0.25‰. The average annual runoff depth of Shigou Station (catchment area of 6362 square kilometers) is 1.094.8 mm, and the annual runoff is 6.97 billion cubic meters. Gao Huai Village in Huaiji County is called Zhongzhou River, and it is called Suijiang when it meets Maning Water. The Huaiji area in the upstream is a large flat land, which enters the canyon area below Huaiji, and the Sihui area in the downstream is a plain. The main tributary is Fenggang water. River Basin Overview Beijiang River is the second largest water system in the Pearl River. The upstream Zhenjiang originated in Shijie County, Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province. Shaoguan and Wushui merged into Beijiang River, then merged with Xijiang River in Sixianjiao, Sanshui City, and flowed into the Pearl River Delta network river area. The mainstream goes to sea from Humen. The drainage area above Sixianjiao in Beijiang River is 467 10 km2 (42930km2 in Guangdong Province), with a total length of 468km and an average river gradient of 0.26 ‰. Mostly mountainous and hilly, the terrain is high in the north and low in the south, and it gradually flattens after leaving Feilaixia. There are three cities in Beijiang River Basin: Shaoguan, Qingyuan and Foshan, with a total population of/kloc-0.258 million and a gross national product of 374 billion yuan. Beijiang river basin belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, which has obvious influence, sufficient sunshine and heat. The atmospheric circulation changes with the seasons, with southeast and south winds blowing in summer and north winds blowing in winter. The main characteristics of the four seasons are: rainy in spring, more rainy days; Summer is hot and humid, with high water content and concentrated rainstorm; There are often hot thunder and typhoon rain in autumn; In winter, the temperature is low and the rainfall is scarce. Hydrological characteristics The runoff of Beijiang River is unevenly distributed during the year. Generally, the water quantity in dry season (10-3) only accounts for about 25% of the annual water quantity, and the water quantity in flood season (April-September) accounts for 75% of the annual water quantity. The development of the main stream and tributaries of Beijiang River is controlled by arc mountains and valleys in the basin. The tributaries on both sides of the same arc valley often flow into the Beijiang River at close range, resulting in the simultaneous concentration of floods in the Beijiang River, which is characterized by rapid rise. In wet season, the runoff is the largest in June, accounting for about 20% of the annual runoff, and in dry season, it is the smallest in 65438+ 10, accounting for only about 3% of the annual runoff. Beijiang river basin is backed by Nanling mountain range and located on the windward slope of the mountain range. In addition, the water system is distributed in broad-leaved veins, and the flood is concentrated quickly, with small peak height, wide range and long duration. The flood process is mostly single-peak or double-peak, with few compound peaks, and there are 3-4 floods in the flood season every year. Generally, there are more flood opportunities from April to July, which is the main flood season of Beijiang River. Harnessing and developing the Beijiang River, as an important waterway and water traffic line between the north and the south of Wuling Mountain, was used in Qin and Han Dynasties, and has been called "the road of messengers" since ancient times. In those days, Qin and Han Dynasties marched into Lingnan, descended to Wuershui, and reached Panyu (Guangzhou) along Beijiang River. The Biography of Historical Records of South Vietnam contains that "the ship general (servant Yang) first trapped the elite soldiers in the gorge (now flying to the gorge) and broke the stone gate". Since then, the Beijiang River Basin has a historical record of human water control. As early as the Han Dynasty, Lianzhou built local water conservancy facilities. Longfupi, located in Longkou Village, Lianzhou Town, Guangdong Province, originated from Laofupi in Liannan County and was built by the Yuan family at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In A.D. 196, the Yuan clan cultivated fertile fields, built canals and built a "dragon belly" from Sanjiang in Liannan to Longkou in Lianzhou, which benefited future generations greatly. Longfupi, as a famous water conservancy project in Beijiang River Basin in Qin and Han Dynasties, 1800 has been benefiting the people for more than 800 years. In the Tang Dynasty, the famous Yuan Jie built the Ocean Lake in Lianzhou. It is an artificial lake in the Tang Dynasty. Haiyang Lake is located in the low-lying area south of Jinfeng Mountain in northern Guangdong, and it is one of the ancient scenic spots in Lianzhou recorded in the literature. Yuan Jie dug islands and built islands according to the topography, and widely stored springs, and completed an unprecedented water conservancy project with the least workload and the most economical method. Fifty years later, Liu Yuxi, the secretariat of Lianzhou, dredged and expanded Haiyang Lake, and combined with the local natural environment, introduced the garden art of the Central Plains and Jiangnan, and established Li Yinting, Qieyun Pavilion and other 10 scenic spots in Haiyang Lake, and wrote a poem for each scenic spot, which was combined into Ten Poems of Haiyang. Later, it disappeared because of the rapid population growth and people reclaiming land by the lake. During the Song and Ming Dynasties, Beijiang area began to build dikes to defend Hong Chao. Beijiang levee project was built in Song Dynasty. According to the records of Beijiang levee, in 1272 (the eighth year of Song Xianchun), people along the Beijiang River began to build the first levee in history between Lubao and Tanghuang, formerly known as "Rongsai Xiwei", which was the original levee section of Beijiang levee and the northernmost levee in the Pearl River Delta in the Song Dynasty, and the Beijiang water control culture entered its heyday. After the Ming Dynasty, shallow siltation in the Pearl River Delta not only affected shipping, but also increased the number of floods. Therefore, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the water conservancy and flood control in Beijiang River Basin developed greatly. Shijiaowei in Qingyuan City (now Shijiaowei section of Beijiang levee) was built in the Ming Dynasty, and it was named Qingpingwei. Although these dikes were scattered in the early Qing Dynasty and did not become a complete dike system, they had a certain scale and a wider scope of protection, which was directly related to the flood control safety in Guangzhou. In Qing dynasty, Beijiang levee was directly under the jurisdiction of Guangdong and Guangxi navy, and its importance can be seen. In the Republic of China, with the establishment of water conservancy management institutions such as Guangdong River Management Office and the introduction of modern water control technology, the reclamation of Beijiang levee area gradually developed in the direction of unified management. 19 15, the Xijiang River and Beijiang River flooded at the same time, and there was no sluice at Lubao Estuary, so the flood went straight down. In addition, there are many breakwaters between Datang and Lubao River, which caused extremely rare serious floods in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta. The "Side Pavilion" is located at the head of Baini Port, Sanshui, Foshan, and is a merit memorial pavilion established during the Republic of China. The pavilion is next to Johnson William. The inscription records and confirms the history that Sanshui Baini and Nanhai were surrounded by people to jointly control water and fight floods due to floods. It is a landmark building of cultural resources for water control in Sanshui early period. Before the Beijiang levee became a complete dike system, its flood control capacity was very low. The levee protection area is a flood-prone area in history. During the 35 years from 19 15 to 1949, there were 19 15, 193 1 year. Until1954,65438+February, the new China built a gate to comprehensively renovate and reinforce the originally scattered dikes on the left bank of Beijiang River from Shijiao to Shishan, such as Shijiaowai, Liuhe Wei, Rongzhai, Kuigang, Daliangwei, Shatouwei and Quanchi Wei, and officially named it Beijiang Dike. After the completion of the Beijiang levee reinforcement project, which started on 200 1, the flood control standard has been comprehensively improved, and it has truly become a flood control levee in the Pearl River Delta, an "economic levee" and a "life levee" in Guangdong. At the beginning of the 20th century, Feilaixia Water Control Project was completed. Feilaixia Water Control Project is located in yingde city, the main stream of Beijiang River. It is the largest water control project in Guangdong and a monument in the history of water conservancy construction in Guangdong. The hub has comprehensive benefits such as flood control, shipping, power generation, water supply and improvement of ecological environment. The flood control system in the middle and lower reaches of Beijiang River can play the role of flood detention and peak shaving, so that the flood control capacity of Beijiang levee can reach the standard of once every 300 years. The hub is also a national famous AAAA-level water conservancy scenic spot, with a total length of 1.826m and an altitude of 28.8m m. It is a classic of the perfect combination of Feilaixia's unique human history and modern water conservancy technology, with high scientific and technological content and full cultural charm, and has high water conservancy technology research, popular science education and ornamental value. 2 1 At the beginning of the century, there was the Lianjiang Three Gorges, which was developed by tourism along the Yangtze River. Lianjiang, called Huangshui in ancient times, is located in the northwest of Guangdong. It originated from the southern slope of Nanling Mountains. Collect water from Lianzhou, Liannan, Lianshan, Yangshan and Yingde, and flow into Beijiang River at the mouth of Lianjiang River. It is the largest tributary of Beijiang River in the Pearl River Basin, so it is also called Xiaobeijiang River. Lianjiang River flows through the jurisdiction of Qinglian Ancient Town15km, with good vegetation coverage, picturesque scenery, steep terrain, fast-flowing water, towering rocks on the gorge bank and beautiful scenery, and is known as the "Little Three Gorges" of Lianjiang River. The Three Gorges in Huangchuan is the essence of the Xiaobeijiang landscape corridor, which has both the wonders of the Yangtze River Gorge and the fairyland of the Lijiang River landscape. This canyon is 2 kilometers long and 50 meters wide. Han Yu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once praised "my state is the best in the world". Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was demoted to Lianzhou secretariat. After visiting the Three Gorges in Huangchuan, I left a poem "If Tunxi asks Lianzhou, only the castle peak is not as good as painting". On 20 10, Huangchuan Three Gorges was rated as the national AAAA water conservancy scenic spot by the Ministry of Water Resources.