12 1 1 year, Genghis Khan led his army south, forcing 300,000 Jin Army to surrender. 12 15 looted Jinzhongdu (now Beijing). 1234, the Mongols perished the Jin Dynasty. Captured hundreds of Han craftsmen and forced them to make siege weapons as slaves.
12 18, Genghis Khan sent a caravan of 450 people to reach the flower thorn submodule (now the east coast of the Caspian Sea). When he arrived at the border of the flower thorn submodule, he was killed by the garrison commander, leaving only one person to report to the east. This incident became the direct fuse for Mongolia to attack the flower thorn submodule. 12 19 autumn, Genghis Khan led 200,000 troops into Central Asia. King Walamoz didn't trust the prince and the commander-in-chief, and his men were indifferent. Therefore, although he has 400,000 troops and excellent weapons, he dare not concentrate his forces on a decisive battle with the Mongolian army, but split his troops and stationed in the city behind him. The Mongolian army divided and ruled, and successively occupied isolated cities such as Hualamozi. The capital, Urjianchi, has held on for more than half a year. After the city was broken, Prince Zalandin retreated to Afghanistan and was defeated by the Mongolian army on the banks of the Indian River. In addition to craftsmen being taken to Mongolia and women and children being enslaved, most residents of Central Asian cities were killed by adult men. After the massacre, the conqueror decided to break the Amu Darya levee and fill the city with water. In addition to the fire, people also suffered from floods. Due to the destruction of irrigation equipment and dams, the fertile area of Central Asia has become a wasteland.
After the death of the flower thorn submodule, the Mongolian vanguard troops entered the grassland area of the Don River basin. When attacking the Volga River, it was defeated by Baurgard. The end point of 1223 returns to Mongolia via the grassland in the northern Caspian Sea.
1227, Genghis Khan died while besieging Zhongxing House, the capital of Xixia. 1229 spring, Wokuotai succeeded to Khan, 123 1 year conquered Korea, 1234 year destroyed the gold. At this time, the territory ruled by Mongolia has extended to the Yellow River Basin, the Korean Peninsula, most parts of Central Asia and Iran, parts of southern Siberia and the South Caucasus, with Helinger as its capital.
1235, the Mongolian army decided to go on an expedition to Europe, led by Badou, the grandson of Genghis Khan. Badou invaded northeast Russia on 1237. At that time, the conflicts between the Russian principalities were constant, and it was impossible to defend the enemy unanimously. Riazan, Korom, Moscow and Vladimir were all destroyed.
1242, Batou led an army to attack the eastern coast of Adriatic Sea and the territories of Serbia and Bulgaria, and then turned back to the lower reaches of Volga River, with Sarai as its capital, and established the Qincha khanate (1240 ~ 1480). Because its tent temple is golden, Russians call it the golden tent khanate.
By the 1950s of 13, Central Asia and eastern and southern Iran, as well as Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia in the South Caucasus also belonged to Mongolia. Baghdad and Syria are also within the range of Mongolian soldiers. /kloc-in the 1940s, after the death of Wokuotai, Meng Ge ascended the throne. 1252, Xuliewu in Menggedi was ordered to go on an expedition to western Islamic countries. 1258, Mongolian troops occupied Baghdad, plundered it for seven days, and slaughtered 654.38+million people. The artistic treasures and magnificent buildings of Abbasid dynasty were burned down, and this famous ancient city was completely destroyed. Xu Liewu also established Ilka Nath (1258 ~ 1388) in Iran, Afghanistan, the two river basins and the southwest of the Amu Darya River in Central Asia, and then continued westward in an attempt to occupy Syria and Egypt. Syria is divided into several small feudal countries, unable to resist. 1260, Mongols captured Aleppo and Damascus.
1259, Meng Ge died, and his brother Kublai Khan became king. 1267, changed the country to yuan. After Kublai Khan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty in 1276, he invaded Japan twice in 1274 and 128 1. A.D. 1287 conquered Myanmar, and 1292 invaded Java. At this point, all the ministries and tribes in Nanyang surrendered.
The Mongols living in the West Chahetai khanate were assimilated into Turks. Timur, the lame man, was born in a Turkic Mongolian aristocratic family. 1370, Timur overthrew the ruler of Samarkand and became the Sultan of West Chagatai. He used a powerful army composed of Turkic nomadic tribes in Central Asia to invade neighboring countries. For about ten years, Timur completely controlled the middle of the river and the flower thorn submodule. Timur dreamed of following Genghis Khan and building a great empire after having rich rivers. From 65438 to 0380, Timur began to attack Ilhan Germany. The war lasted for many years and captured Iran, Afghanistan, Baghdad and Armenia. 1398, Timur entered India, defeated Tuglachao's army near Delhi, captured Delhi, slaughtered nearly 654.38+million residents, plundered a lot of booty and returned to Samarkand. 1399, Timur invaded Asia Minor, 1402 fought fiercely with the Ottoman Empire near Ankara. According to people's estimation at that time, the two sides assembled millions of troops in this campaign. Timur's war of aggression caused damage to all parts of the country. Every time he went to a city, he slaughtered almost all the residents except a few craftsmen who were taken away by prisoners. After the fall of Urjianchi, the capital of the flower thorn submodule, the whole city was reduced to ruins and oats were planted. In his later years, Timur dreamed of an expedition to China. When he assembled an army to cross the Syr Darya River in 1405, he died in the army and the Timur empire declined rapidly. 1500, the northern nomadic tribe Zbeck occupied all its territory, and the Timur Empire perished.
The Mongol Empire established by Genghis Khan, after another expedition by Kublai Khan and Timur, occupied most of Europe and Asia and ruled a large part of it for 1 ~ 2.5 centuries, which is really rare in human history.