Lentinus edodes, also known as Lentinus edodes, Lentinus edodes, Lentinus edodes, Lentinus edodes and Lentinus edodes, is the fruiting body of Lentinus edodes of Pleurotus. Lentinus edodes is the second largest edible fungus in the world [1], and it is also one of the specialties in China, and is praised as "a kind of delicacy" among the people. This is a fungus that grows on wood. Delicious taste, rich fragrance and rich nutrition. Lentinus edodes is rich in vitamin B, iron, potassium and provitamin D (converted into vitamin D after sun exposure), which is sweet and flat. Indications: anorexia, qi deficiency and fatigue.
Lentinus edodes, known as the king of delicacies, is a kind of nutritional health food with high protein and low fat. China medical experts in past dynasties have made famous comments on Lentinus edodes. With the in-depth study of modern medicine and nutrition, the medicinal value of Lentinus edodes has been continuously explored. The ergosterol content in Lentinus edodes is very high, which is very effective in preventing and treating rickets. Lentinan (β ~ 1, 3 glucan) can enhance cellular immunity, thus inhibiting the growth of cancer cells. Lentinus edodes contains more than 40 kinds of six enzymes, which can correct human enzyme deficiency; The fatty acids contained in the fat of shiitake mushrooms are beneficial to the human body to reduce blood fat.
Haha, when I served the table, my friend vowed never to go to the restaurant to eat fish again.
This knife technique is killing me completely. I am really throwing caution to the wind. Did you get a look at him?
The junction of Longquan City, Jingning County and qingyuan county City in China is the birthplace of the earliest artificial cultivation of Lentinus edodes in the world, and its artificial cultivation technology is called cut flowers. It is said that the earliest inventor of this technology was Wu Sangong (real name Wuyuyuyu) in Longyan Village, Longxi Township, Longquan County, Southern Song Dynasty. Note: Its jurisdiction is now under the jurisdiction of Qingyuan County, that is, Qingyuan people today. In the history of human mushroom cultivation, the earliest and most complete document that can be verified is 1209, that is, the word 185 in Longquan County Annals compiled by He Lian in the second year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty. Among them, Qingyuan is called Gu Xiang, China.
"Gu Xiang (xù n) only exists in deep mountains and shady places. Its method: cut down the servant land under the deep mountain with olive wood and famous mushroom wood, mottle the bark with an axe, wait for it to be wet, and come out of the mountain two years later. In the third year, mushrooms are not in place. Every time I passed beginning of spring, the atmosphere leaked, the thunderstorm shook, the wood was handed in, the bamboo stick was hung up and baked. At the turn of autumn and winter, when you hit the wood with a slant, its mushroom comes out, which is called Jing mushroom. But if it rains, it will produce more, and the system will be like the spring method, but if it is not as thick as the ears of spring mushrooms, a little thicker and less fragrant will be better. There is also a mushroom that grows well in the sun and dries on wood. It is called Japanese mushroom. This mushroom is very good, but it is rare. Dried mushrooms this spring, also known as Japanese mushrooms, have a good smell. "
These characters 185 left 800 years ago cover the whole process of mushroom cultivation, including timing, tree selection, field selection, cut flowers, cultivation, harvesting, drying and grading. There were only wild mushrooms in Japan at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, Lu Rong (1436- 1494), a political politician in Zhejiang Province, recorded the words "mushroom" and "pottery making" in the first 14 volume of Liyuan magazine. One hundred years later, in the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1562), the words of 185 cut flowers and cultivated mushrooms in Luyuan magazine were introduced into Guangdong Tongzhi compiled by Huang Zuo. At that time, there were a large number of Zhejiang mushroom people all over Guangdong (in the past, the mushroom people in the three counties of Long, Qing and Jing were not divided into counties, which were collectively called Zhejiang mushroom people). By the ninth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (173 1), Guangdong Tongzhi Edition recorded the word 185 in the product column. Seiyu Sato, a Japanese forester, reprinted and referred to Guangdong Tongzhi 185, and summarized, improved and sorted it out, becoming the first work of Japanese mushroom cultivation-Scaring Mushrooms, which was 1796 at this time, 587 years after He Lian recorded it.
Murakami, a famous Japanese mushroom historian, believes that the record of the mushroom is of epoch-making significance to the mushroom production in Japan. Since then, the cultivation of Japanese Lentinus edodes by thallium net method (similar to China's flower arrangement method) has been accelerated, and by the Meiji Restoration, Japanese Lentinus edodes technology has developed rapidly. In the 28th year of Meiji (1895), Japan began to inoculate Lentinus edodes artificially for the first time. 1906 Japanese technology spread to Jeju island, South Korea. China Taiwan Province Province began to cultivate mushrooms in Puli, central Taiwan Province in Xuantongyuan Year (1909). At that time, a Japanese was holding a machete, as if to cut flowers. The photo was published in the British Journal of Fungi, but some people say that there is a "knife-eye method" in Taiwan history, that is, the flower cutting method.
In recent years, China's mushroom export trade volume has gradually increased, with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The annual output of mushrooms is 80,000 tons, accounting for more than 80% of the global 65,438+10,000 tons, ranking first in the world, with an export of 36,000 tons, followed by Japan and South Korea. Its cultivation places are distributed in Zhumadian, Xixia, Lushi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Suichuan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Lueyang and Gansu.
In recent years, China began to grow mushrooms, concentrated in Xixia County, Biyang County, Zhumadian City, Lushi County, Sanmenxia City, Suizhou City, Hubei Province and Qingyuan City, Zhejiang Province.
It is better to be happy alone than with others. Steps to share with you: choose a Wuchang fish, wash it, and cut its head first.
morphological character
The fruiting body of Lentinus edodes is solitary, clustered or clustered, and the fruiting body is medium to slightly larger. The diameter of the cap body is 5- 12cm, sometimes up to 20cm. It is hemispherical when it is young, and then flat to slightly flat. The surface is rhombic, light brown, dark brown to dark cinnamon, with dark scales in the middle and dirty white hairy or flocculent scales at the edges. Mushroom meat is white, slightly thick or thick, thin and fragrant.
When I was young, the edge was involved and there was white.
Colored or yellow-white fluff disappears with growth. There are toadstools under the cap, and then they break to form an incomplete ring. After aging, the edge of the cover will crack backwards. The folds are white, dense and curved, with different lengths. The stalk is often eccentric, white, curved, 3-8 cm long and 0.5-1.5 cm thick, with ciliated scales under the stalk and fibrous and solid inside. The fungus ring is easy to disappear, white. Spores are printed in white. Spores are smooth, colorless, ovoid to ovoid, 4.5-7×3-4μm, with spore reproduction. Binuclear hyphae have locked connections. [2]
Growth habit
Basidiospore germination
When basidiospores germinate, they do not produce typical germ tubes, but expand to 2-5 times the original size, the spores grow along the long axis, and vacuoles appear inside; In the process of nuclear division, the nucleus first elongates and then contracts in the middle.
Cooking recipes for mushrooms (22 pieces)
The nuclear membrane has always existed. Basidiospores form mononuclear hyphae on the culture medium.
monocaryon mycelium
When the conditions are suitable, the apical cells of mononuclear hyphae divide repeatedly and stretch forward. When cells divide, the nucleus divides first. Mononuclear hyphae do not have the ability to produce fruiting bodies.
Binuclear hyphae
After two compatible mononuclear hyphae combine, the nucleus in one cell migrates to another cell, which is called conjugation or mass matching. After quality matching, each cell contains two nuclear hyphae, which are called binuclear hyphae. The binuclear hyphae of Lentinus edodes are locked together. Binuclear hyphae can form a large number of fruiting bodies under suitable conditions.
Fruit body differentiation process
When the conditions for the differentiation and development of mushroom fruiting bodies are met, the mycelium that has reached physiological maturity will enter the nodulation stage. At first, the hyphae interweave with each other to form a mycelium mass with a diameter of 0.5- 1.0mm, and then gradually increase, and the inside becomes very dense. When the diameter reaches 1-2mm, it becomes a solid mycelium mass called disk or primordium. Later, it gradually differentiated and expanded to form a commodity fruiting body.
biography
The life history of Lentinus edodes is basically similar to that of typical basidiomycetes, and generally consists of the following nine steps:
(1) basidiomycete germination;
⑵ Four different mating types of mononuclear hyphae were produced;
⑶ Two compatible mononuclear hyphae mate by conjugation;
Continuously develop
(1) temperature
The optimum temperature for basidiospore germination is 22-26℃.
The temperature range of mycelium growth is 5-24℃, and the optimum temperature is 24-27℃. However, due to the protection of wood, mushroom wood can survive safely in the mountains with the temperature below -20℃ or in the low altitude areas with the temperature above 40℃, and the mycelium will not die.
Lentinus edodes is a kind of low temperature and variable temperature mushroom. Lentinus edodes primordium differentiated at 8-2 1℃, and 10- 12℃ was the best. The fruiting body develops in the range of 5-24℃, and the optimum temperature is 8-65438 06℃. In the same variety, at low temperature (10- 12℃), the fruiting body develops slowly, the stipe is short, the flesh is thick and the quality is good. At high temperature (above 20℃), the fruiting body develops rapidly, the stipe is long and there are many bacteria and meat.
Mushroom
Thin, poor quality. At constant temperature, Lentinus edodes does not form fruiting bodies.
⑵ Moisture
In sawdust culture medium, the optimum water content for mycelium growth is 60-70%; The suitable water content of mushroom wood is 32-40%, the survival rate of inoculation below 32% is not high, and the mycelium growth is extremely poor under the condition of 10%- 15%. In the process of fruiting body formation, the moisture content of mushroom wood should be kept at about 60%, and the air humidity should be 80-90%.
⑶ Nutrition
Lentinus edodes is a wood rot fungus, its main nutrients are carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds, as well as a small amount of inorganic salts and vitamins. All kinds of nutrients in mushroom wood and culture medium can only be absorbed and utilized by mushrooms if they are dissolved in water.
① Carbon source
Mushroom mycelium can use a wide range of carbon sources, including monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides, and the sugar concentration is 1-5%.
② Nitrogen source
Mushroom mycelium can use organic nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen, but it cannot use nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen. In the vegetative growth stage of Lentinus edodes mycelium, the ratio of carbon source to nitrogen source is 25-40: 1, and high concentration of nitrogen will inhibit the differentiation of Lentinus edodes primordia. In the reproductive growth stage, higher carbon is needed.
③ Mineral elements
Besides magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus and potassium, the coexistence of iron, zinc and manganese can promote the growth of Lentinus edodes mycelium and have complementary effects. Calcium and boron can inhibit the growth of mushroom mycelium.
④ Vitamins
The growth of mushroom mycelium must absorb vitamin B 1, and other vitamins are not needed. The concentration of vitamin B 1 suitable for mushroom growth is about 100 μm per liter of culture medium. During wood cultivation, the mycelium of Lentinus edodes secretes a variety of enzymes to decompose macromolecules such as lignin, cellulose and starch, and absorbs carbon, nitrogen and mineral elements from the phloem and xylem of Lentinus edodes.
(4) Air
Lentinus edodes belongs to aerobic fungi, and sufficient fresh air is one of the important environmental conditions to ensure the normal growth and development of Lentinus edodes. Agrocybe aegerita and Agrocybe aegerita, the cultivation environment is too closed and easy to be deformed.
5] light
Lentinus edodes is a phototactic fungus, and appropriate intensity of diffuse light is a necessary condition for Lentinus edodes to complete its normal life history. However, mycelium growth does not require light. Studies have shown that blue light with a wavelength of 380-540 nm
Thinking happily: The blind beggar said with a look of injustice, "Big Brother, I'm really sorry. I'm looking for a friend. He was blind and went to the toilet. In fact, I am dumb. "
"Oh, I see," so the drunk dropped his money and staggered away again. ...
28: bird flu-it's all caused by "paradise shit"! ! !