catalogue
1. Living habits
2. Morphological characteristics
3. Distribution range
4. Planting techniques
5. shopping tips
6. Nutritional value
Living habits
Loquat likes light, is slightly shade-tolerant, has a warm climate, fertile and moist soil with good drainage, is slightly cold-tolerant, cold-tolerant, and grows slowly, with an average temperature of more than 12 ~ 15, not less than -5℃ in winter, and not less than 0℃ in flowering period and young fruit period.
Under normal circumstances, it can also be cultivated in Henan Province, but young fruits with fruiting period below MINUS 2 degrees will be frozen, and the suitable cultivation areas are the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the south. It is best to have fertile soil.
Besides China, loquat is cultivated in Japan, the United States (Hawaii and California), India, Brazil, Israel, Turkey and Spain. Among them, the history of Japanese loquat cultivation was introduced from southern China at the end of Edo.
morphological character
Small evergreen trees, up to 10 m; Branchlets are stout, yellow-brown, densely rusty or grayish brown tomentose.
Leaf blade leathery, lanceolate, oblanceolate, obovate or oblong, length 12-30cm, width 3-9cm. Its apex is acute or acuminate, its base is cuneate or acuminate into petiole, its upper edge is serrated, its base is entire, its upper surface is bright and wrinkled, its lower surface is densely covered with gray-brown fluff, and its lateral veins are 165438+. Petiole short or subsessile, 6- 10 mm long, with gray-brown villi; Stipules subulate, long 1- 1.5 cm, with pointed and hairy tips. Panicle terminal, long 10- 19 cm, many flowers; Total pedicels and pedicels are densely covered with rust-colored villi; Pedicel 2-8 mm long; Bracts subulate, 2-5 mm long, densely covered with rust-colored villi; Flower diameter12-20 mm; Calyx tube is shallow cup-shaped, 4-5 mm long, sepals are triangular-ovate, 2-3 mm long, and the top is sharp, with rust-colored villi outside the calyx tube and sepals; Petals are white, oblong or oval, 5-9 mm long and 4-6 mm wide, with claws at the base and rust-colored fluff; Stamens 20, much shorter than petals, filaments spreading at base; Style 5, free, stigma capitate, glabrous, with rust-colored fur at the top of ovary, 5 cells, 2 ovules per cell.
The fruit is spherical or oblong, 2-5 cm in diameter, yellow or orange, with rusty fur outside, which falls off quickly; Seed 1-5, spherical or oblate, diameter 1- 1.5 cm, brown, shiny, and the seed coat is papery. Flowering 10- 12, fruiting in May-June.
Mature loquat fruits are also hung on trees in bundles, each fruit is 3-5 cm long and is round, oval or long pipa-shaped. The surface of loquat is covered with fluff. When immature, it is turquoise, hard and fragrant. After maturity, the skin is generally light yellow, and some are dark and close to orange-red. The pulp is soft and juicy, mainly divided into white and orange; White sand (white loquat) and red sand. Among them, white sand tastes sweet and the fruit shape is small; Red sand is relatively acidic or quite acidic and relatively large. Each loquat fruit has five ovaries, one to five of which develop into brown seeds, while the artificially cultivated seedless varieties have no seeds.
distribution range
Gansu, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces. Widely cultivated in various places, Sichuan and Hubei have wild ones. Japan, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia are also cultivated.
Tangqi soft strip Baisha in Yuhang District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, Suzhou Dongshan (according to Baisha loquat) and Baokeng Jiefangling in Putian, Fujian Province are the three major loquat producing areas in China.
Planting method
travel time
Mainly sowing and breeding, can be grafted. Seeds can be sown after they are collected in June. Grafting is generally based on cutting, which can be carried out in mid-March or April-May. Rootstocks can be loquat seedlings and heather. Colonization can be carried out from late March to early April before germination, and colonization can begin from May to June or 10 in Menan period. Planting seedlings needs to bring more fibrous roots and soil to facilitate survival. It is best to plant it in the south where there is little wind. [8]
Cultivation method
1, girdling, pulling branches and lightly breaking damaged branches promote the control of flower bud differentiation.
At the end of June, 2 ~ 3 circular incisions were made on the trunk, and 50 times of 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder was applied to the wound to prevent bacterial infection. From June to July, all the main lateral branches with branch diameter 1cm or more and branch length of 70cm or more are pulled to an angle of 50 ~ 55 with the trunk, and the branches are pulled horizontally, so that the branches grow obliquely and droop slightly; Other branches are twisted and rubbed to change the growth direction of branches, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds.
2. Fertilizer and water promote flower bud differentiation.
No nitrogen fertilizer is applied from June to August, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are appropriately increased; From June to August, before the flower bud is formed, if the growth of flourishing branches can not be controlled, the mixed solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and boric acid can be sprayed on the leaves for 2-3 times. From June to September, for loquat trees with vigorous growth, ditch should be opened to drain rainwater, reduce soil moisture, properly cut off some topsoil root groups, and reduce branch moisture.
3. Using regulators to promote and control flower bud differentiation.
Spraying with 0.5g/m paclobutrazol (PP333) soil+1000mg/L on the leaves, and treating once on June 20th and 30th, respectively. Or spraying paclobutrazol 1000mg/L once a month from June to August, so as to stop the growth of summer shoots quickly, increase the concentration of cell sap and C/N, and promote the formation of flower buds.
shopping tips
1, many people don't pick loquat. It's actually quite simple. Loquat usually has a layer of fluff and shallow fruit powder on its surface. If the fluff is intact and the fruit powder is well preserved, it means that it has not been destroyed during transportation and is relatively fresh, and the content of nutrients such as vitamin C is also relatively high.
2. In addition, medium-sized loquat fruits will taste better. Too big can use swelling agent, too small means more fruits on the same tree, and the nutrition will be worse.
3. The darker the color, the better the maturity, the sweeter the taste and the stronger the fragrance. The loquat with yellow color, blue color, hard flesh and hard skin is immature or unusually mature.
There are two kinds of loquat, one is red meat loquat and the other is white meat loquat.
nutritive value
Loquat is rich in vitamins, among which vitamin B 17 has a good anticancer effect. It can eliminate free radicals in our body and inhibit the carcinogenic reaction of nitrite, thus achieving good anti-cancer effect. Loquat is also rich in vitamin A, which is an important nutrient for keeping our eyes healthy. Lack of vitamin A can lead to eye diseases such as myopia, night blindness, astigmatism and even retinal detachment, so eating loquat often can achieve good eye protection effect.
Loquat not only contains a variety of vitamins, but also contains a variety of organic acids, which can not only stimulate us to secrete a lot of gastric juice, but also greatly improve our saliva secretion like sour plums, so eating loquat can achieve the purpose of strengthening the spleen, stimulating appetite and promoting digestion. For patients with less saliva, dry mouth, bad breath and bitter taste, eating loquat also has a certain improvement effect. Loquat can moisten lung and relieve cough, which is directly related to its amygdalin, which is also the main effective component in loquat cough syrup.
Loquat is not only delicious, but also valuable. Loquat leaves are rich in vitamins and minerals. Making tea with loquat leaves can improve our physique, enhance our immunity and greatly improve our resistance to influenza. Moreover, loquat leaves also have the functions of clearing heat and relieving qi and improving stomach function. Eating the water soaked in loquat leaves can achieve the effect of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat, stopping vomiting and other abnormal stomach activities.