Just like learning narratology, it is not difficult to learn narratology by mastering the basic knowledge of narratology, defining the learning goal of narratology and being aware of it.

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains and clarifies things. Its purpose is to give people knowledge: or to explain the state, nature and function of things, or to clarify things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology.

First of all, explain the three elements of the text: scientific content, orderly interpretation and accuracy of language.

1. scientific content: truthfully reflect objective things, grasp the characteristics, essence and laws of things, and give readers a correct understanding.

2. The order of explanation: writing in chronological order is similar to narrative; According to spatial order's writing, pay attention to the observation point, pay attention to the position and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest; When writing in logical order, we should pay attention to finding out the internal relations of each part, from the surface to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, from the phenomenon to the essence.

3. Accuracy of language: it requires accurate expression of time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature and procedures. The language is concise and the instructions are strict.

Second, the classification of expository texts.

1. According to the expressions used, it can be divided into literary expository and scientific expository.

Literary expository: Pay more attention to vividness and interest when introducing and explaining things, and use more descriptive methods such as imitation, analogy, personification, quoting ancient poems and legends to make the article more vivid and more attractive to readers. This method is often used in general science fairs. For example, the first paragraph of China Stone Arch Bridge and the first and second paragraphs of Language of Nature.

Scientific explanation: plain writing, concise language, accurate and appropriate explanation of things or things. Common examples, definitions, figures, charts, explanations, classifications, etc. This method is usually used for general scientific and technological explanations, instructions for use and plot summaries. For example, two essays by Asimov.

This difference is only relative. There can be simple explanations in literary discourses and vivid explanations in scientific discourses.

2. According to the description object, it can be divided into: things (such as the third unit of the first volume of the eighth grade) and things (such as the fourth unit of the first volume of the eighth grade).

3. There is also a kind of explanatory text that introduces the procedures and methods of handling affairs called "program explanatory text". Such as "overall planning method" and various recipes.

Third, explain the order and structure of the text.

1. chronological order: arrange articles in chronological order. Explain the change, development and growth process of things, explain the production procedures and use procedures of things, and introduce biographies in chronological order.

2. spatial order: Generally, articles about still life such as architecture are arranged in the order of spatial orientation. First of all, we should determine the observation point, or look down, or overlook, or look closely, and explain things from a certain position, from front, back, left and right, up and down, left and right, inside and outside the center. Such as the Palace Museum.

3. Logical order: Arrange the articles according to the internal relations of things. This order is often used for general explanatory text. Such as causality (colorful flowers), hierarchical relationship from phenomenon to essence (attacking the desert and not dying in the dead sea), primary and secondary relationship (Zhao Zhouqiao part of China's stone arch bridge, the decisive factor of phenology in natural language), total score relationship (Suzhou Garden), juxtaposition relationship and correlation relationship (seeing the weather from the clouds).

Generally speaking, the structure of expository texts can be divided into two types: total score type and progressive type. The former is mostly used to explain things, while the latter is mostly used to explain things.

Fourth, the skills of explaining the text.

1. Highlight features: grasp the essential attributes of things, grasp the differences between the objects to be explained and other things, and explain from external features to internal features and from phenomena to essence.

2. Reveal the essence: by explaining the external characteristics of things, dig their deep meaning, that is, deepen the ideological connotation. For example, after describing the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge, it further reveals the essence of Chinese stone arch bridge and explains the reasons for its brilliant achievements.

3. Clear organization: This is a necessary condition to make the instructions organized. A good explanatory text needs to choose a reasonable explanation order according to the order of things themselves.

Verb (the abbreviation of verb) explains the method. In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods are:

1. Definition: Explain the essential characteristics of things or concepts by the following methods. For example, what is "food" and "food is a substance that can form the body and supply energy", and the connotation and extension should be explained accurately and briefly.

2. Interpretation: give a general explanation of some aspects of things, or explain the characteristics of things by word interpretation. Such as "water", water in nature exists in three States: solid, liquid and gas. It shows that "earthworm" belongs to annelids. Its body is composed of many joints, which can stretch and contract, just like a spring.

3. Classification: Explain the things that should be explained one by one according to certain standards. We must pay attention to the unification of classification standards and not confuse the results of different classification standards. Such as drama, can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama according to the nature of contradictions and conflicts; According to the content of the times, it can be divided into historical dramas and modern dramas; According to means of expression, it can be divided into drama, opera, ballet and opera; According to the complexity of the plot, it can be divided into one-act drama and whole drama.

4. Comparison: Two (or more) related things or similar things are put together, and it is easier to highlight the characteristics of the explained object through comparison. For example, Suzhou gardens, the buildings in our country, from ancient palaces to modern ordinary houses, are mostly symmetrical, no matter what the left side is, so is the right side. Suzhou gardens are by no means symmetrical.

5. Example: First introduce a phenomenon or explain a truth, and then take a typical and representative concrete case as an example. This is a bit comprehensive, which not only increases the credibility of the article, but also makes the article flesh and blood. Such as "China Stone Arch Bridge".

6. Column number: Through column number, readers can accurately understand the description object through the determined number. Pay attention to the correct application of exact numbers and divisors. Such as "China Stone Arch Bridge".

7. Analogy: Analogy can make the explained object easy to understand and vivid. For example, the bridge opening appellation of stone arch bridge is like a rainbow.

8. Drawing charts: using tables, schematic diagrams, pictures, photos, etc. As an auxiliary means to explain things or things.

9. Imitate appearance: describe the image, scene and characteristics of the object in detail to make it vivid and true. For example, Seeing the Weather from Clouds illustrates the shape of clouds, and China Stone Arch Bridge illustrates thousands of lions in Lugou Bridge.

10. personification: generally speaking, it is vivid and interesting to write literary discourses by personification.

1 1. Citation: quoting famous sayings and aphorisms, poetry documents, idioms and allusions, proverbs and proverbs, historical legends and other related materials to explain things can enhance the persuasiveness of the article and make the explanation vivid. Such as Chinese stone arch bridges, screens and the Dead Sea.

Like rhetorical methods, according to the needs of the object of interpretation, various interpretation methods can be used comprehensively, rather than completely separated.

Sixth, the reading of expository texts.

Reading expository texts should be done as follows: clear the object of interpretation, clear the order of interpretation, grasp the characteristics of interpretation and understand the methods of interpretation. So the answer is not difficult. Because the reading questions of general expository articles always revolve around what characteristics, what order, what structure the article adopts and what interpretation methods are used.

The accuracy of expository language is also the focus of reading test. When reading, we should understand why we should use exact numbers or divisors to express quantity, focus on the expressive functions of adverbs such as quantity, scope and degree, and understand the locative words and observation points that indicate the spatial position.

When solving reading questions, we should first understand the original text, carefully examine the stem of the question and understand the requirements of the proposition, and then go to the original text to find the relevant sentences or paragraphs, because the general answer is always near the front or back of the proposition. If it is a multiple-choice question, you should pay attention to eliminating interference options, and pay attention to any changes compared with the original text, such as adding or subtracting words and reversing sentence order. , and find out the correct option after the change.