Prohibition of alcohol and good wine
In ancient times, productivity was not high, and brewing meant food consumption, so officials did not encourage brewing. According to legend, at the end of Shang Dynasty, wine was criticized by others because of Zhou Wang, a "wine pool and meat forest". Although this is probably the slander of the winning and losing sides, prohibition of alcohol became a * * * behavior after a week. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, wars were frequent everywhere, a large number of people fled and died, and productivity was even more uncertain. Food shortage has been plaguing heroes of all walks of life, and prohibition of alcohol has become an expedient measure to safeguard political power and save military expenses.
Before the tripartite confrontation in Wei Shuwu, some people began to ban alcohol, including Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and Lu Bu in Xuzhou. After Cao Cao unified northern China, prohibition was written into law by him. In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao pacified Yuan Shao and his son in the north and the rest of the army. Facing the social economy of the Central Plains after the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, he promulgated the prohibition of alcohol. "Once"? "Biography of Kong Rong" contains: "When the year is hungry, the soldiers are prosperous, and the watch is forbidden to make wine." Obviously, although Cao Cao had taken measures to increase production, such as reclaiming farmland, I'm afraid Cao Jun, who had been fighting for years, was still hungry and could only rely on prohibition of alcohol to ensure the supply of food and grass.
Cao Cao knows very well that brewing not only consumes food, but also delays military aircraft if drinking becomes the norm, so he is not good at brewing. However, due to the needs of Cao Cao's literati image and artistic rendering, Cao Cao in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has changed a lot. For example, in the sixteenth "Cao Mengde defeated Qingshui", Cao Cao, who suffered the defeat, was "drunk" one day and wanted to go to the city for whoring, so his left and right confidants let him have sex with his aunt Zou, so Cao Cao drank and had fun with Zou every day. After this incident was exposed, it aroused Zhang Xiu's dissatisfaction, and Cao Cao lost his army for it.
Cao Cao may not be a good wine, but he can't stop people around him from favoring wine. His son Cao Zhi is one of them. According to the history books, Cao Zhi "walked at will, did not encourage himself, and drank excessively". In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Cao Ren was trapped in Fancheng by Guan Yu. Cao Cao appointed Cao Zhi as the commander of the Southern Corps and prepared to send him to save Coss. As a result, Cao Zhi was "drunk but not ordered". Just as we would rather believe Cao Cao's good wine, people also sympathize with Cao Zhi's later situation. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, Cao Zhi was severely suppressed, including his political skill of "rushing", but there were also many behaviors of self-destruction of Cao Zhi's future by drowning his sorrows in wine.
Wine wind and wine vessel
Many people in the Three Kingdoms drink heavily, and Zhang Fei is the most typical one. The second time in Romance of the Three Kingdoms was that he "flogged Du You drunk", which made the whole novel "drunk". When Zhang Fei is drunk, he always creates some troubles, such as beating Cao Bao, Lu Bu's father-in-law, losing Xuzhou and Liu Bei's wife and children. Later, in order to avenge his second brother Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, who was impatient, got drunk, beat Fan Jiang and Zhang Da, and finally died in revenge.
What about the capacity and drinking style of the Three Kingdoms written by Cao Pi in Dian Lun? "Wine Teaching" gives the answer. He wrote: "There is a southern soil ... and good wine is in Jingzhou, that is, three princes, the first is Boya, the second is Zhongya, and the last is Zia." Boya won 7 wins, Central Asia won 6 wins and Gia won 5 wins. " That is to say, Jingzhou Mu Liu Biao likes to drink, and it is specially made into three glasses. This goblet is called Boya, which can hold 7 liters of wine. China's glass is called "Zhongya", which can hold six liters of wine; A small glass named "Gia" can hold five liters of wine.
According to the book "Examination of China's Weights and Measures in Past Dynasties", one liter in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty was equivalent to 0.2 liter today, so Boya could hold two kilograms and eight ounces, Central Asia could hold two kilograms and four ounces, and Gia just held two kilograms.
During the Han and Wei Dynasties, there was no distilled liquor, only self-brewed liquor, and the brewing method was relatively extensive. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" begins with "a pot of turbid wine is happy to meet". Distilled liquor didn't appear until Luo Guanzhong's Ming Dynasty, so "turbid liquor" conformed to the situation of Han and Wei Dynasties. The so-called "turbid wine" means that the wine has not been filtered, and the wine is mixed with wine residue, so it looks turbid. In this sense, in the film and television dramas of the Three Kingdoms, anyone who has a clear drink is a fool.
Han Dynasty stone reliefs unearthed from a balcony in Zhucheng, Shandong Province, have pictures of kitchens. Some pictures depict the situation of wine making and show the whole process of wine making at that time. * * * Including 10 process, such as brewing raw materials → cooking → cooling → adding mashed, soaked and filtered koji juice → fermentation in vat → extraction of wine mash → continuous fermentation → filling into small bottles. This wine-making process route can be said to be the main operation method of wine-making in Han and Wei Dynasties.
In the Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were also 8 cases of making qu and more than 40 cases of making wine. The technical route of wine-making is roughly the same as that of Han Dynasty. Qi Shu Yao Min also contains the story of Cao Cao brewing wine. One year, he found that the home brewing method of the late county magistrate in Bozhou, his hometown (Jiuyun Spring Wine Method) was novel and unique, and the brewed wine was extremely mellow, so he dedicated it to Emperor Han Xian. According to the viewpoint of modern fermentation engineering, it is classified as "fed-batch fermentation", which is of great significance in the history of brewing in China. This is also the most important feeding method for brewing yellow rice wine in China.
In this method, the ratio of water to rice is one to one or lower. Even after secondary fermentation, the finished wine generally does not exceed 10, much like Jiangmi sweet wine in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Even this kind of low-alcohol wine, the average person will not drink by the catty, but Liu Biao drank three large glasses in one breath, and nearly seven kilograms of wine went into his stomach.
Like Cao Bao, who was advised not to drink by Zhang Feiqiang, Liu Biao drank it himself and invited guests to drink it. Whoever doesn't drink, hurry him. Cao Pi in Dian Lun? The Wine Law also wrote: "(Liu Biao) also set a large needle at the end of the stick. If the guest has a drunken sleeping place, he will use acupuncture." If you are drunk, I will wake you up and let you drink again. Compared with Zhang Fei, Liu Biao's wine style is also quite fierce.
As for the wine vessels at that time, some scholars have pointed out before that it was wrong to drink with Jue in the old TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Although Jue was used as a ritual vessel and wine vessel in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it did not appear in sacrificial ceremonies until after the Han Dynasty. Looking back, the new edition of Three Kingdoms also has this flaw. Guan Yu's warm wine cuts Hua Xiong for a while, which is a close-up of Jue's drinking. Interestingly, however, when Guan Yu was killed, Cao Cao, who had always regarded him as a hero, held a grand funeral for him. In the play, it was a mistake for Cao Cao to pay homage to Guan Yu with unique wine. However, considering the craft at that time, the knights in the Three Kingdoms period should be lacquerware rather than bronze ware, and the application of props was not perfect.
So what utensils do the people of the three countries drink with? Except for a clown like Zhang Fei, people who are a little more elegant generally use cassock. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, not far from the Three Kingdoms, Wang Xizhi, a folk history collector, invited relatives and friends to meet in Lanting, and drinking was indispensable. Orders for wine keep flowing. If it turns or stops in front of someone, ask him to write a poem. If he can't write a poem, he will be punished three times at a time. This shows that cassock and cassock were the main drinking vessels and wine containers in that period respectively. However, the flat and open appearance of wine vessels also conforms to the development trend of solemn wine vessels entering ordinary social life as a "second tribute ceremony".