2022. 1.25 "fireworks on earth: every day buried by history" was published by Zhao Dongmei on 20021.4.1 There is a lot of information about history in this book. At least, I have gained a lot of historical knowledge. Endless, handed down from generation to generation, two kinds of daily life have reached ancient and modern times. A daily life, a daily life.
In any era, when a new life is born, parents and other relatives will pray for their children-not seeking wealth, but seeking peace and smoothness, and "peace and smoothness" means hoping that their children can live an ordinary and simple life. However, the simple content of "safe and smooth" is quite different. First of all, different genders have different peaceful and smooth contents. In traditional times, gender has far more restrictions on life than in modern times. Secondly, the same gender, different times, peaceful and smooth content is also different. "Daily life" is more restricted by politics, system and ideology and culture. At any time, it is not easy for men, women and classes to live an ordinary and happy life.
Teacher Zhao introduced us to the daily life of the ancients from the aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation, as well as women and men in the traditional period. Changes in daily life are profound and static, but they do exist. Through the dust of history, we can observe and experience the "daily life" and "daily life" of the ancients, and look at the changes without changing. There are a lot of accomplishments in it, such as "speculation", which requires three conditions. First, there must be a pot, and the pot that can be fried appeared in the south during the Warring States period. Second, there must be oil. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the extraction technology of vegetable oil developed greatly. Zhang Hua's "Natural History" in the Western Jin Dynasty mentioned making douchi with sesame oil. The oil in the pot is hot, but frying will not happen naturally. If we want stir-frying to really become the mainstream cooking technology, we need a third condition-lack of fuel.
In the history of China, those large-scale famines and deaths caused by hunger mainly occurred during the cold climate of the earth. China is not the only victim-it is a collective survival challenge that human beings have encountered, such as Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. The desire for survival overwhelmed people's reason, so there was an extreme situation that people ate people: the canteen of Cao Cao's army was "mixed in people's breasts"; In the former Qin dynasty, "every time a thief was killed, it was called' cooked food', which meant that the soldiers said,' If you fight in Korea, you will be hungry at dusk!' Scholars follow it, spit human flesh, are healthy and can fight.
When I read this article, I especially talked about famous skills. There are not only more than 200 kinds of recipes, but also records of food production, melons and fruits, food cultivation and other farmers and herdsmen. It is a masterpiece of ancient agricultural practical science. I also talked about the evolution of sharing system and sharing system, from which we can see the change of food from lack to abundance, family system, from the era of kneeling to the era of high tables and chairs. It also talks about the change from spoon to chopsticks in the Northern Song Dynasty, from 2 meals to 3 meals in the Song Dynasty.
Tea culture and wine culture. Tea and wine are important cultural symbols, which are related to the national economy and people's livelihood and affect the political relations. The tradition of brewing in China can be traced back to the Xia Dynasty. The original purpose of wine is mainly to entertain gods and sacrifice; After Qin and Han dynasties, wine gradually became secular and popular, and became a national beverage distillation technology. When it was introduced into China, there were different opinions, the most mainstream being the Yuan Dynasty, and the others were the Song Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. Before the emergence and popularization of distilled liquor, most liquor was brewed by itself, and the highest degree was no more than 20 degrees. Therefore, people who love wine don't have to worship Liu Ling, Ruan Ji and Li Bai too much, and they can't drink much spirit Erguotou. Although the degree of traditional brewing wine is not high, it can be intoxicating if you drink too much. Tea drinking became popular in the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. After the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, drinking tea gradually became popular, because meditators needed tea to stay awake for a long time. Feng's Wen Jian Ji, which was sealed in the Tang Dynasty, recorded the grand occasion of the popularity of tea drinking custom: "People from all over the world cooked with weapons and then imitated each other, which became a custom. The mainstream of tea in Tang and Song Dynasties is not the common tea we have today, but cake tea, also known as "slice tea" and "group tea". Tea became the mainstream of drinking tea until the Ming Dynasty. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, cake tea was steamed for the first time without seeing the shape of tea at all. The picked tea leaves are selected and cleaned, "and then put into the retort, boiled and steamed". Press for the second time, wash the steamed tea several times, cool it, and then squeeze out the water and tea cream (i.e. juice) as much as possible until it is clean; The third grinding: put the tea residue without water and juice into a casserole, add water, and grind it repeatedly with a wooden stick; Fourth, add spices, "swing evenly and rub wearily"; Fifth, shaping, finally putting it into a specific tea fan for shaping, and then drying it on the raft to get the perfect tea cake. This kind of cake tea is steamed and ground repeatedly, and then mixed with spices, with white color as the top grade. Dongpo Zhi Lin quoted Sima Guang as saying that "tea should be white and ink should be black", and tea is white and ink is black. How much tea flavor can this over-processed tea retain?
Clothes and dresses come from the past, which is a brief expression of tradition in reality and represents the present's respect for the past. One of the great regrets of China people today is probably that there is no costume belonging to the Chinese nation. However, what modern people feel is the dilemma of the absence of the dress, while what ancient people feel is the complicated embarrassment of the dress. Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty said that the court clothes (formal clothes) were not worn at ordinary times, but when they were to be worn, they were basically worn out. At the Yuan Dynasty level, it was follow-up, and someone turned it into a song to explain the wearing order.
Another challenger to the clothing system comes from outside the ruling clique, mainly businessmen and entertainment industry practitioners. Palaces and teaching workshops are the source of fashion. Foot-binding was first popularized in the palace, and then spread abroad from the palace. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, it was a must for Bianjing. At that time, people joked that "women in the capital are not as well-dressed as the world." What surprises me most is that the first word praising the three-inch golden lotus in China history was written by Su Dongpo: "I don't hesitate to paint lotus flowers, but I will worry about going to Ling Bo for a long time." I saw the dance in the air without a trace. Stealing through the palace is as stable as Mount Tai and as sleepy as Mount Tai. It's hard to say exquisite, but it must be seen from the palm of your hand. Moreover, when foot-binding and chastity are linked together and become related to choosing a wife and concubinage, under the supervision of panorama, women can't escape.
There are three stages of living, and you can read books specifically. Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties to Sui Dynasty, and the third is after Sui and Tang Dynasties. This has a lot to do with centralization. As officials become more and more dependent on the country, their living conditions are constantly changing. Therefore, Tao Yuanming's return to rural residence is also closely related to his time. Teacher Zhao also analyzed popular art, which gave us a new understanding of popular art. The basic logic and common sense background of popular literature and art stories are based on the current society, and history is just a cover. Popular literature and art do not pursue the truth and reliability of historical knowledge. Popular literature and art in historical period is the research object and data of history, because it constitutes a part of ethnic historical memory, and the specific content it conveys may not be true. But the common sense background of the story, the challenges and difficulties faced by the protagonist have actually existed, which is the universal truth of the era in which the author (not necessarily the protagonist of the story) lives. It is in this sense that historians can take popular literary works as the object of restoring historical truth only after they know the age when the works were produced. The book quotes the biography of Li Wa written by Bai Xingjian in Tang Dynasty. Reading, I don't know the plot, and the details. For example, the rental of houses and luxury shops mentioned in the book, and in the Tang Dynasty, the funeral industry was developed, and even there was a competition between funeral circles, which was very large and fierce, and was divided into funeral ceremonies and funeral songs competitions. And judging from the ending, there is, what is a happy ending. Not the happy life of the prince and Cinderella. It also needs male officials to prosper, women and children to be full and children to be promising. This is the happy ending.
Let's not talk about concubinage system. Since ancient times, women have been bound too much. Zhang Chang thrush, in ancient times, was probably the reason why he could not worship the Prime Minister. In the traditional period, men were relatively free than women, and then in the era of clear hierarchy, freedom was relative. On Zhao Zhi, the scholar-bureaucrat system in Wei and Jin Dynasties with him as the core. The father is a soldier, so must the son. Even though we have escaped the shackles of politics, we have not escaped the shackles of moral filial piety. I also cited the example of Wang Qiao in Song Dynasty, a man with literary talent. Because of the abandonment of the times, he finally designed a grave "cocoon house" to wait for death calmly. Professionals under the imperial examination system, such as Yan, should be regarded as masters in painting, architecture and other fields. However, under the imperial examination system, painting is the "last resort" and medicine is the "rule of Tao". All technical jobs related to practice and requiring long-term knowledge accumulation have not received due encouragement and support in the traditional bureaucratic system, while imperial countries refuse to separate this part from the bureaucratic system and set up an evaluation system that is independent of the bureaucratic system and basically equivalent to the bureaucratic system. As a result, technocrats are always at the bottom of the bureaucratic system, and positions with high professional knowledge are mixed among ordinary positions, promoted by the same standards, and finally lost their jobs, failing to establish the dignity of technical occupations, thus hindering the development of technology.