The mummy of a middle-aged woman was unearthed in the tomb, and her skin and nails were well preserved. She has a thin face, a pointed nose, sunken eyes and long brown shawl. She was wrapped in a blanket, and the edge of the blanket on her chest was pinned with sharpened branches. She is wrapped in a sheepskin, wearing a pair of shoes made of suede, a felt hat and two Yanling on her head. She is called Loulan Beauty by the world.
The determination of carbon 14 by using the rich skin fragments wrapped around her shows that this is a corpse found 3800 years ago. Who is she? Why is it buried in this deserted place? Which ethnic tribe did she belong to before her death?
People's Daily Online, Ruoqiang, May 10 (correspondent Wang Ruodan) On May 8, the author saw at the Loulan Cultural Relics Protection Station, which is more than 300 kilometers away from Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang, that more than a dozen construction workers were carrying out exterior wall decoration and skylight installation of the new house. According to the construction personnel, the building under construction is the management building of Loulan Cultural Relics Protection Station, which is a part of the protective infrastructure construction project of Loulan ancient city site. At present, the main building has been completed.
It is understood that the project is located in the protected area of Loulan Ancient City Site in Ruoqiang County. The project organizer is Ruoqiang County Bureau of Culture, Sports, Radio, Film and Television, with a construction area of 3,990.35 square meters and a planned investment of 5 million yuan. Construction started on March 15 this year and is scheduled to be completed on September 30th. The construction scale includes 790.5 square meters of management room, 2400 square meters of sidewalk, fence 1.600 meters, 800 square meters of parking lot, 35-meter-high steel watchtower and its supporting infrastructure such as water supply and drainage, heating and electricity. At present, the construction project of Loulan workstation is in a tense construction stage, in which the main body of the three-story brick-concrete structure management room has been completed.
According to Jiao, the project leader, "At present, the management building of the protective infrastructure construction project of Loulan ancient city site has been completed. The next stage is to build a 35-meter-high steel watchtower, which is expected to be completed and put into use by the end of July. Supporting infrastructure such as parking lots and sidewalks are being prepared in advance and are expected to be completed and put into use by the end of September. At present, the hydropower problem of Loulan Cultural Relics Protection Station has been basically solved. By continuously improving the infrastructure near the protection station, we will further strengthen the protection of the ruins and cultural relics of the ancient city of Loulan. "
"After all the infrastructure is built, the existing office and accommodation conditions will be greatly improved. At present, the staff have to walk more than 40 kilometers to patrol near the construction site every day, and it takes at least 5 or 6 hours to ride a motorcycle back and forth. The sandstorm will affect the patrol. When the watchtower is completed, a high-powered telescope will be set up. Then you won't have to wander around every day. You can keep abreast of the situation within the range of Fiona Fang 100 km, greatly improving work efficiency and better protecting the Loulan site. " Yang Jun, a staff member of Loulan Cultural Relics Protection Station, said.
It is reported that the protective infrastructure construction project of Loulan ancient city site is one of the 60 livelihood projects identified by Ruoqiang County this year. After all the infrastructure is perfect, a formal institution for the protection of Loulan site will be established. Loulan Ancient City Site is located in the north of Lop Nur, Ruoqiang County. There are a large number of cultural relics and tombs in the site. For many years, criminals have often entered this area to dig graves. Due to the large area of the site and the harsh surrounding environment, it is very difficult to protect the site. After the completion and use of the Loulan ancient city site protection infrastructure project, it will break through the limitations of the current Loulan ancient city site protection work, improve office conditions, solve the problems of staff travel and patrol, and have symbolic significance in cracking down on theft and improving the protection level of Loulan ancient city site. On March 28th, 1900, the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin ended his exploration in the west of Lop Nur and began to return. At this time, he and his Uighur guide Ardica found a shovel left in the camp, ready to investigate. When Ardica returned to the camp to look for it, he was caught in a storm and lost his way, but he accidentally broke into an ancient city. He found many cultural relics, beautifully carved wooden boards and ancient copper coins. Sven Hedin was overjoyed at Ah's discovery. 1903, Sven Hedin entered this ancient city and unearthed a large number of cultural relics. After returning home, he announced to the world that he had discovered the famous Loulan City recorded in the history books of China. His discovery shocked the world.
Since then, Loulan, a world-famous important monument in Xinjiang, has attracted the attention of the whole world like a powerful magnet. Loulan ancient city is located in the northwest corner of Lop Nur, which is the hub of transportation in the western regions during the Han and Tang Dynasties and occupies an extremely important position on the ancient Silk Road. Silk and tea in China, horses, grapes and jewelry in the western regions were all traded through Loulan at the earliest. Many caravans pass by and have a rest here. At that time, shops in Loulan city were contiguous, Buddhist temples were filled with incense, and businessmen and monks from east to west countries continued all the year round, and many languages exchanged here. Loulan Kingdom was founded before 176 BC, and perished around the 4th century AD. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, explorer Zhang Qian brought back the information of Loulan. "Historical Records Biography of Dawan" records: "Loulan and Gushi have battlements near the salt." It shows that Loulan was already a "battleground country" in the 2nd century BC. Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, which opened the way between the East and the West. At the same time, the struggle between the Han dynasty and the powerful Xiongnu for control of the western regions became increasingly fierce. In BC 108, Wang Hui, a general of the Han Dynasty, conquered Loulan. After several large-scale military campaigns, the Han Dynasty completely controlled the Western Regions and opened up the Silk Road, a trade channel between the East and the West.
The opening of the Silk Road not only prospered the traffic and silk trade between the East and the West, but also stimulated the economic prosperity and development of Loulan, an ancient country located at the throat of the Silk Road. In its heyday, Loulan Kingdom started from Guyangguan in the east, Niya River in the west, Altun Mountain in the south and Hami in the north. The ancient city of Loulan is the political, economic and cultural center of Loulan Kingdom. But in the 4th century, Loulan suddenly disappeared from this world. In the area of Loulan ancient city, "there are no birds in the sky, no animals in the sky, and they can be seen everywhere, but they don't know what they want, only bones are the sign." Loulan civilization in its heyday, for some unknown reason, has passed with the passage of time.
Researchers from different disciplines explain this unsolved mystery from their own viewpoints: some people think it is due to the exhaustion of Lop Nur, the change of natural environment, the diversion of rivers and so on. Some people think that it is caused by unreasonable water diversion and storage in the upper reaches of Peacock River. Some people even think that it is caused by the diversion of the Silk Road and alien invasion, and so on. So, which is closer to the historical truth?
Twenty-two years ago, archaeologists discovered the mysterious ancient tomb of "Loulan Kingdom" 3,800 years ago a few miles away from Peacock River. The tomb was built at the expense of a large number of trees. Stepping into it, you can see groups of concentric circles surrounded by seven layers of Populus euphratica stakes, with a diameter of more than 30 cm. From a distance, the whole cemetery looks like an ancient vicissitudes of the sun, embedded in the Gobi Desert. Therefore, people call it "the tomb of the sun".
The investigation found that tomb piles can fix sand and reinforce tombs. Without them, it would be very difficult to dig and build graves more than two meters deep in the sand. However, why does sand fixation take such a form and show such a pattern? What does this mean? Is it "sun worship"? If that's the case, why do tomb owners all lean back and face west instead of east? Was the "Loulan Kingdom" destroyed by the activities of cutting down trees to build a large-scale "Sun Tomb"? Why did the ancestors of "Loulan Kingdom" build such a strange sun-shaped tomb in the desert? What does this mean?
Sven Hedin thinks that what he discovered is the capital of Loulan Kingdom, which has been recognized by most scholars and experts, but some people still hold different opinions. So, is this site Loulan City?
A well-preserved mummified woman was found in the No.1 tomb of Tiebanhe in Lop Nur. She is a white woman with a delicate face and closed eyes, and is known as "Loulan Beauty".
So when did her ancestors move here? Where did you move here? The following question is: Are they white, from Vashmona, King of Loulan, to Tu Jian, King of Shanshan? Or yellow and white mixed blood? If they are white, what race do they belong to? If it is half-blood, which two ethnic groups were born by marriage? What nationality are the residents of Loulan country? Which ethnic group is the main ethnic group? ……
During the period of 1979, an investigation team of Xinjiang Institute of Archaeology discovered some ancient tombs with special shapes in the east of Lop Nur. Some of the dead in the tomb were dressed in complete clothes, wearing pointed felt hats and some ropes stuck at the top.
This strange costume surprised archaeologists. After careful measurement, it is found that these people belong to the ancient European race with "deep eyes and high nose", which is very similar to the modern Nordic people. Their skulls can be divided into two groups. A group is similar to the Novo culture of Andrao in the Bronze Age in southern Siberia and Altai. Another group is similar to avannavo culture, even older. In other words, in the same place, two groups of ancient Europeans with different postures were buried.
Later, archaeologists found the remains of five European races in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the eastern suburb of Loulan ancient city. According to the determination of the hair composition of Loulan people, some people think that these people are probably related to ethnic groups from the eastern Mediterranean. In a word, if the ancient country of Loulan is a country with very complicated ethnic composition, what ethnic groups are these ancient Europeans? What purpose did they travel all the way to Loulan? Where did they go later?
Facing Loulan, Sven Hedin asked himself in confusion: "I want to know why there are no stones in Sweden that are older than the wooden slips and pieces of paper I found in Loulan?"
Loulan, an eternal mystery waiting for people to solve. The Uighur guide who first discovered the ancient city of Loulan was named Eldik; This old white man is the famous explorer and Swede Sven Hedin.
1900 On the evening of March 27th, Taklimakan Desert. An old white man, some guides and some camels are walking slowly. Along the route of the ancient Tarim River, they want to find Lop Nur, which is elusive. When the sun went down, they finally came to a mound. At this time, the old man in white found that the water bag on the camel was leaking, and there was very little water left. It never rains but it pours. The guide found that the shovel they used to settle down was also lost. The old man decided that all the staff should rest immediately on the spot, and the guide returned alone to look for the shovel.
On the way, the lonely guide accidentally found the walls, streets, houses and even beacon towers of an ancient city. The tour guide thought he was hallucinating and rubbed his eyes hard to make sure it was not an illusion. He immediately came back to tell the old man the discovery. The old man was very excited. They followed the guide to the ancient city. As there was no water, they took a quick look and left. The next year, they came back here by the same way and made a lot of excavations. According to the word "Crorina" in the local bamboo slips unearthed in Bolu, the old man speculated that the ancient city was called "Loulan". Since then, the name Loulan has deeply attracted the world for more than a century. The Uighur guide who first discovered the ancient city of Loulan was named Eldik; This old white man is the famous explorer and Swede Sven Hedin.
Sven Hedin excavated a large number of cultural relics here, including coins, silk, grains, pottery, 36 pieces of Chinese character paper, 120 pieces of bamboo slips and several writing brushes. This ancient city called "Pompeii in the desert" by Sven Hedin shocked the whole world. Subsequently, archaeologists, geographers and expeditions from many countries followed. ...
The rich quantity and great value of cultural relics excavated by national expeditions in Loulan ancient city and Lop Nur area shocked the whole world. Among all kinds of unearthed cultural relics, the Han bamboo slips unearthed in Loulan ancient city and the manuscripts of the Warring States policy in Jin Dynasty are the most precious. Han brocade was made in 1-2 century, with fine workmanship and bright colors, embroidered with the words "Longevity", "Bright Changle" and "Long Life". The Jin Dynasty hand-made paper unearthed here is more than 600 years earlier than the earliest paper in Europe. Explorers represented by Sven Hedin praised Loulan as a lost treasure in the desert, a museum left in a historical corner, and Pompeii in the East.
The civilization that lasted for thousands of years, lost thousands of years of memory, slowly unveiled the mysterious veil, and the ancient city of Loulan gradually emerged in the sand and smoke.
Archaeologists infer from the mummy's tomb unearthed from the site near the ancient city of Loulan that about 4000 years ago, there lived a group of nomadic people in Loulan, who were blond and had the same ancestors as the ancient Europa people. Maybe it's because they hunted for grass, leaving only a few mummies and disappearing mysteriously.
More than 2,000 years later, faults appeared in this area in history, and there was no trace of Loulan in archaeological excavations and literature records.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Loulan reappeared as one of the 36 countries in the Western Region. After Zhang Qian passed through the western regions, Loulan became the main traffic artery between east and west. In Sima Qian's time, Han people knew the name "Loulan", and these records were based on what Zhang Qian saw and heard when he went to the Western Regions.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the central government set up the Long History Station of the Western Regions, ruled by Loulan, and became the political, military, economic and cultural center of the Western Regions. From Chang 'an, the ancient Silk Road extended westward, and in Loulan, it began to be divided into two roads: north and south. Loulan, as a transportation hub town in the center of Eurasia, has played an important role in cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
After the Jin Dynasty, Loulan suddenly disappeared again, and a once prosperous western town disappeared again in the following 1500 years.
It has been recorded since 176 BC, renamed Shanshan in 77 BC, and then suddenly disappeared around the 4th century. Loulan has a short history in the history of literature, leaving many mysteries. The discovery of the ruins of Loulan's old city provides the most precious cultural landscape in the world for understanding the relationship between the Central Plains dynasty and ancient western countries and studying the cultural exchanges between the East and the West and the Silk Road.
According to archaeologists, human activities in the Tarim River basin have a history of more than 10,000 years. If we connect the abandoned ancient cities in the Taklimakan desert of Tarim River with red lines, we will be surprised to find that all the ancient cities, including Loulan Kingdom, suddenly disappeared in the 4th15th century, and all the sites are in the desert 50-200 kilometers away from today's human life. Today, although many scholars have made great efforts, such as the rise and fall and disappearance of the ancient city of Loulan, it is still a huge mystery, and the site of Loulan has also become the focus of world attention. The ancient city of Luntai, Qiemo site, ancient tombs, ancient beacon towers, mummies and ancient rock paintings are all world-class tourist attractions. In human history, Loulan is a mysterious name. Its glory once formed its special position in the history of world culture. People's interest and enthusiasm for Loulan culture fully shows that Loulan belongs not only to China, but also to human beings. Loulan is an immeasurable historical heritage left by ancestors to Bazhou, and it is also the pride of Bazhou people. At the same time, it also means the excavation, arrangement and research of Loulan culture. Bazhou people should take on greater responsibilities and show Loulan and ancient western culture in various ways. When the 2 1 century is coming, the times provide Bazhou people with an excellent opportunity, that is, to develop the cultural heritage of Loulan and the ancient city in a planned way with the rapid economic development as an opportunity and the overall growth of economic strength as the premise. Make them serve the construction of modern spiritual civilization and material civilization. In fact, this is the rebirth of Loulan culture in the new historical period.