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What does the ancient "honest official" mean?
In feudal society, good officials were called honest officials by the people. In the official historical records of laws and regulations, good officials are generally not called honest officials, but called "honest officials", "good officials" and "honest officials". China is the first country in the world to establish bureaucracy. Since Sima Qian's Historical Records, there has been a typological evaluation of bureaucrats. What is the standard of a good official? Different periods have different emphases. Sima Qian's standards are: teaching and educating people, being honest and honest, and obeying the law. In the Warring States, Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty, which advocated legalist politics, obeying the law was the most important criterion for a good official. In the period of "respecting Confucianism alone", it is the standard to become a good official by enlightenment. However, it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of education. Since the year before the Three Kingdoms, according to Sima Yi's thought, honesty, prudence and diligence have become the official norms, and honest officials have gradually become synonymous with good officials. In fact, the upright officials in feudal society are all representatives of the ruling class, and they all serve the maintenance of feudal rule. But compared with corrupt officials, they are beneficial to the people, have done some good things for the people, played a certain role in social history, and are more praised by the people; Their integrity and impartial law enforcement are still of great significance to today's construction of a clean and honest government under the rule of law. Throughout the ages, there have been many honest officials in Chinese history. Although they live in different times, their virtues of honesty and integrity have always been praised by people.

1. Ximen Bao was wei ren during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At that time, Yedi was an important gateway and strategic location of Weidu, but natural and man-made disasters continued, and the people were in dire straits. Wang Wei appointed Ximen Bao as the magistrate of Ye County to manage Ye Di. When Ximen Bao arrived in the wilderness, he made a private visit anonymously to inquire about the sufferings of the people. He used the "Hebo Marrying a Wife" incident to punish people, courtiers and witches wisely, educate people with facts and get rid of superstitions. At the same time, 12 canals of Zhanghe River were built to control the flood in Zhanghe River and develop agricultural production, so that the people of Yedi gradually became rich. Ximen Bao was an official all his life, honest and clean, and benefited the people. After his death, Yedi people specially built an ancestral temple for him by the Zhangshui River to worship the four seasons.

2. Zhao Guanghan was born in Wuli County, Zhuo Jun, Western Han Dynasty. He used to be the magistrate of Yingchuan county, such as Shou Jing and Jing Jing. Zhao Guanghan's reign as satrap in Yingchuan County was the best stage in his early days. He is not afraid of power, smart and capable. In his first few months in office, he did two major things: one was to crack down on the powerful family forces and ease social contradictions; The second is to strengthen local management and change local bad atmosphere. His reputation spread from this, and it is his nature to be good at handling government affairs in this Hanshu. When Zhao Guanghan served as Zhao Yin in Beijing, he showed a high sense of responsibility and often stayed up late to handle various official duties. And good at thinking, pay attention to efficiency. During its governance, the politics of Jingzhao area was clear and clear, which was praised by both officials and people. But his duty is to manage the capital, because at the foot of the son of heaven, it is easy to offend royalty and dignitaries in daily handling of government affairs. Therefore, although Zhao Guanghan was the best among the castellans, he was finally beheaded. During his tenure as Jing, Zhao Guanghan was honest and won the praise of the people.

3. Ba Huang? -5 1 BC), male, born in Yangxia, Huaiyang, Western Han Dynasty (now Taikang, Henan Province). Historian Ban Gu commented: "Since the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the number of officials governing the people has been the first." When Ba Huang was still young, he made up his mind to be a good official. Because there was no imperial examination system in the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued imperial edicts to alleviate financial difficulties, and all those who contributed property to the country were given to officials. Ba Huang traded food for a history of death. After entering politics, abide by the law and honesty; Observing people's feelings, it is important to persuade farmers to mulberry. In particular, Ba Huang ruled the case, advocated benevolent governance and opposed torture; Insist on handling suspicious cases lightly; It advocates leniency from the outside, education first, and prevention before it happens. Therefore, Ba Huang is an official who is supported by the people, satisfied by the court and convinced by his subordinates. As a result, Ba Huang rose from a small history of paying 200 stones a year to the prime minister of the imperial court. One of the most outstanding achievements was serving as a satrap in Yingchuan County, a big county at that time. Previously, Yingchuan County was a place where powerful landlords unified one side and the people were displaced. After he took office, he took drastic measures, bite the hand that feeds him, resettle refugees, attach importance to farming and mulberry, and educate them. After several years of careful management, Yingchuan has a peaceful scene of peace and stability, clear management and production development. Therefore, the emperor wrote a letter praising Ba Huang as a good official.

4. Xu Yougong? -702), whose real name is Xu, was born in Chang 'an, Tang Dynasty, and was the most famous official in the Tang Dynasty who specialized in handling cases. In ancient times, most official positions were mixed with administration and justice, and only in the imperial court were there special judges, but their position in the bureaucratic system was extremely low, so it was difficult to make a difference. Although Xu Yougong served as a full-time trial judge for a long time, he went down in history because he dared to strictly abide by the law and hit his face, rehabilitated hundreds of unjust cases and saved more than 10,000 lives. Xu Yougong has served as a judicial officer in Zhou Pu, a criminal officer in the Ministry of Justice (Dali Temple), a foreign minister in Qiu Guan (Ministry of Justice) and a chief criminal doctor in Shao Qing. When Xu Yougong was an official, it was the Wu and Zhou Dynasties. At that time, there was an insurrection by marquis Wu and a trap set by cruel officials, so it was not easy to enforce the law correctly. Because Xu Yougong handled six or seven hundred major cases before and after, he saved tens of thousands of lives, inevitably offended cruel officials and treacherous court officials, and was frequently impeached and tried. However, in the end, he was charged with the death penalty three times, pardoned three times, dismissed twice and returned twice. In spite of this, he remained firm, did not flatter, and devoted himself to law enforcement. Because of this, Xu became a rare full-time "judge" in history and was praised as "a good official since ancient times" by people at that time.

5. Di (607-700 AD), whose real name was Taiyuan (now southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) in the Tang Dynasty, took the Ming Classic (a subject in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty) and entered the official career. After entering politics, he experienced two eras: Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian. At the beginning, he was appointed as an imperial minister in Cheng Dali. He has served as the secretariat of Ningzhou and Yuzhou, and the assistant minister of local officials. Di is an official, as Lao Tzu said, "saints are fickle in their hearts, and people are fickle in their hearts." In order to save the innocent, he dared to defy the will of the monarch and always maintained the true colors of being close to the people and not afraid of power. He always lived above the class, worried about the country and people, and was called "the mainstay of the Tang Dynasty" by later generations. He was appointed Cheng Dali in charge of criminal law. After any one year, he handled more than 65,438+07,000 cases left by his predecessor, and none of them appealed for rehabilitation. This shows that his fairness in handling affairs can be seen. Later generations have compiled many wonderful legends based on this, and even some people in the Netherlands have compiled a book "The Trial Legend of Renjie in Datang Empire".

6. Chen Xiliang was born in Qingshen, Meizhou (now Sichuan) and Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi) in the Northern Song Dynasty. He has been an official for more than 30 years, starting with a scholar. He has served as a magistrate, magistrate, magistrate, transshipment history and other local officials. He also served in the imperial court of Kaifeng and the capital. No matter whether he is an official in the local or the capital, Chen Xiliang hates evil and doesn't consider personal fate. He praised the common people and frightened the princes and nobles. Later, he died of overwork at the age of 64. Su Shi, a famous writer, claimed that he never erected a tombstone for others, but he admired Chen Xiliang and worried that Chen Xiliang's deeds would be handed down to future generations, so he made an exception and wrote Biography of Chen Gongbi.

7. Bao Zheng (AD 999- 1062), a native of Hefei, Luzhou (now Hefei, Anhui), was the most famous honest official in history. Since he was a teenager, he has been determined to make contributions to the country, and "do his best to die". The starting point of Bao Zheng's official career was the magistrate of a county, and later he served as a magistrate, a transfer ambassador and other local governors. He has served as a senior official in charge of state finance, such as the Minister of Supervision and the Deputy Minister of Housing. As a diplomatic envoy in Liao country; The most famous thing is that he worked as a bachelor in Tianzhangge and Longtuge, so later people called him Bao, Bao and Bao Bachelor. Although he served as the magistrate in Kaifeng for just over a year, after his death, Kaifeng people built a Baogong Temple next to the Kaifeng government office building to commemorate and worship him. Bao Zheng lived a clean life and never paid attention to ostentation and extravagance. Even when he became a high official, he still wore the same clothes as when he was dressed in cloth. I hate corruption. I told Injong in the play Begging Without Bribery that "incorruptibility is the appearance of the people". Greedy people are thieves of the people. "He has been strict with himself all his life. Ren Duanzhou, the magistrate, rectified the bureaucracy and cracked down on corruption, which was well received by the people. When leaving office, he politely refused, "I won't return until I send the inkstone"; He was selfless all his life, did not avoid powerful people, and enforced the law like a mountain. It is strongly advocated that all illegal acts of the royal family and eunuchs be brought to justice. It is the main content that Bao Zheng was highly praised and praised by the people before and after his death.

Bao Zheng was famous at that time and later generations, especially after his death, as a typical image of an honest official, he was greatly exaggerated by different genres of literary works, making it magical. With the development of international cultural exchange, Bao Zheng, a historical figure and artistic image, has won the world reputation. Although the image of Bao Zheng in historical materials is very different from that in works of art, Bao Zheng's life can not only be appreciated by the feudal supreme ruler, but also be supported and loved by the lower class in dire straits. As an honest official, it is really typical.

8. Kuang Zhong (A.D. 1383- 1442) was born in Longgang, Jing 'an County, Jiangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty. Kuang Zhong's most outstanding achievement in his life was becoming the magistrate of Suzhou. He directly reduced the official grain, lightened the burden on the people, and stabilized and developed the economy. At the same time, rectify the bureaucracy, correct the atmosphere, pay attention to cleaning up unjust prisons and avenge the people. He arranged the schedule and asked about the case of a county every day, round and round, without interruption. In the first eight months, more than 1500 cases were cleared. The cases he has tried, big or small, can basically ensure that the people are not wronged, and local tyrants dare not do evil again. Now, as long as it is mentioned, people will immediately think of the honest official who dares to take risks, uphold justice and eliminate pests for the people in the Fifteen Customs. In addition, he also did good things that benefited one side, such as building water conservancy projects, running schools and recommending talents. During his thirteen years in office, Kuang Zhong left office three times and stayed in office three times. He did a lot of practical things for the people of Suzhou, and finally he broke down from overwork and died in Suzhou. In memory of Kuang Zhong, ancestral temples were built in Suzhou and seven counties after his death.

9. Hai Rui (A.D. 15 14- 1587) was born in Qiongshan County, Hainan Province. His time was the turning point of the Ming Dynasty from prosperity to decline. When the surface is flat, there is danger at that time. When Harry was young, he showed great concern for social problems. When Emperor Jiajing worked in the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, out of concern for the national financial resources, in order to persuade Taoism, he devoted himself to seeking immortality and indulged in building temples and temples everywhere. As a junior official with six grades, he is determined to die. This time, he put forward the famous "Frankly speaking, the best in the world", which was later called "Public Security". After the speech, Harry was immediately thrown into prison. Fortunately, Jiajing died soon, and the new emperor was pardoned under the persuasion of Prime Minister Xu Jie, and the official was reinstated and gradually promoted to the governor of Yingtian Ten Mansions. Later, he presided over the formulation of severe punishments such as "greed at the age of 80" to correct the current abuses and strictly enforce the law and discipline. He is selfless and shows no mercy to Xu Jie, the old prime minister who has always been kind to him. He returned the 400,000 mu of fertile land occupied by the Xu family to the original owner, and demanded that Xu Jie's two sons and more than 20 family members who bullied the good people should be held accountable according to law. Look at Hai Rui as an official. After Jiajing, Qin Long and Wanli dynasties, he risked his life to remonstrate many times. Although it was to safeguard the fundamental interests of feudal rule, he strictly enforced the law, eliminated violence, led an honest and clean life, sympathized with the people, appealed for exile, paid attention to developing production, built water conservancy projects, restricted the endless exploitation of big landlords, and reformed backward customs and habits. His action has been widely supported by the people.

10. Tang Bin (A.D. 1627- 1687), whose real name is Kong Bo and alias is Jing Xian, was originally from Baonan Suizhou (now Suixian). The main achievements were in the Kangxi dynasty, from officials to cabinet bachelors, governors of Jiangning, ministers of rites and so on. Tang Bin has been an official all his life. In addition to writing books and developing Neo-Confucianism, he concentrated almost all his energy on river affairs and water transportation, and paid attention to reducing the burden for the people, helping the people, promoting the benefits and eliminating the evils, so that he always devoted himself to practicing the Confucian "people-oriented" thought of "self-cultivation, keeping the family in order to govern the country and level the world" in order to turn "hazelnuts everywhere" into "prosperous times"

Historically, an honest official can't be a corrupt official in the end. Although the official vowed to die with the emperor, the emperor and the official were not United at the critical point. People's desire is always greater than the filler that can actually fill it, which means that in the natural state (that is, there is no effective supervision mechanism), there can be no more honest officials than corrupt officials, and there can be no greater power to clean up than turbid water. There have been many dynasties in China. Although many corrupt officials dismounted, it was the turbidity that destroyed the dynasty, not the clean stream that saved it. Therefore, the relationship between honest officials and corrupt officials is basically a situation in which tigers are alone against wolves. They are weak and may be eliminated at any time. The biggest source of power for honest officials is the imperial court, but ten corrupt officials can somehow turn a court into a court, but an honest official can never support a court. This means that the emperor can't completely go against the will of ten corrupt officials and support an honest official. Theoretically speaking, the emperor is also a human being. He has higher requirements for enjoyment and greater greed, so the emperor's taste is closer to that of corrupt officials. This means that the spearhead of the upright official will inevitably stab the emperor in the end, that is to say, if the upright official is allowed to act, it will definitely hurt the emperor in the end. If the emperor is completely left to honest officials, the emperor will lose a lot. In essence, honest officials and emperors are not fellow travelers, nor a community of interests; To put it mildly, an honest official is a leg of the court's power balance, and to put it extremely, an honest official is the enemy of the emperor. People have personality and national dignity. What is a grid? Cases are orientation, outlook on life, world outlook and values; Case is the norm, the rule, the foundation of being a man and the way to stand. And I have always believed that among all kinds of people, "official" is the most important.

The Analects of Confucius said: "See the sage Si Qi, and look at him for introspection", and said: "Take Tao as the purpose, rely on morality, rely on benevolence, and travel with art", all of which are talking about the way to be a man. Of course, Confucianism is the standard of being an official in past dynasties. "Self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world" has become the creed of China people to be an official and the goal of China people to talk about world outlook, outlook on life and values. Whether it is Qu Yuan, Bao Zheng, Wen Tianxiang, Fan Zhongyan and Zhuge Liang, whether it is "worrying about the world first, enjoying the world later", "doing one's best, dying later" or "who has never died since ancient times, keeping a sincere heart to shine on history", all officials in history are honest, diligent, meritorious and capable.

From Sina blog/s/blog _ 4c4c79c401000ev2.html.