? First of all, talk about popular science. What is Hakka? Why is it called Hakka? As the name implies, Hakka dialect means foreigner. "Hakka" refers to the Han nationality who migrated to the south because of war and famine in the ancient Central Plains. In history, the Hakkas moved south five times, with a delay of 1500 years. Hakkas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, as well as Hunan, Sichuan, Guangxi and Zhejiang. In addition, there are a large number of Hakkas in Hongkong, Taiwan Province Province and other overseas countries, with a population of about 80 million. Look, Hakkas are a huge ethnic group.
The migration road of Hakkas
The first great migration: In the first year of Yongkang in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 300), the "Eight Kings Rebellion" occurred in the Central Plains. At this time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Qiang, Di and Jie in the north took advantage of the situation, and each was king, fighting endlessly with each other, which plunged the Central Plains into the turbulent situation of "Five Chaos in bloom". After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became the world of Hu people, who abandoned farmland, herded cattle and sheep and enslaved Han people. The enslaved Han people moved south on a large scale. They entered Xiangyang from the Central Plains via Nanyang, Henan, and entered the Yangtze River along the Hanshui River to Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. To the south, from Jiujiang to Poyang Lake, or enter the mountainous area of southern Jiangxi along the Ganjiang River. Its vanguard has arrived in Tai Po, Meizhou and Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty for nine years (AD 4 13), and established Zhao Yi County on the basis of "floating private enterprises".
The Second Great Migration: Since the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty, the situation in the whole country has turned from prosperity to decline, and there has been a situation of division of provinces. Coupled with the famine in the central plains for years, the government exploited and exploited, and the people were in dire straits. Many fireworks in urban and rural areas have been broken, and it is a depression. Soon, the peasant uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out. The insurgents marched into the Central Plains and moved to Yu Sheng, north and south of the Yangtze River. These places are the areas where the Han people moved south for the first time. Only Gannan, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong are the "promised land" affected by the war, so most of the Hakka ancestors in these provinces went back to the Ganjiang River from Jiujiang and settled in the triangle of Gannan, western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong today. According to the records of Hakka genealogy, most immigrants in this period took refuge in Shibidong, Ninghua, Fujian. This southward migration lasted for more than 90 years and lasted until the Five Dynasties after the Tang Dynasty.
The third time was the great migration in the formation of Hakka clans: in A.D. 1 126, the Jingkang disaster occurred, and Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was captured by Jin Bing. After Jin people entered the Central Plains, they seized private land and promoted slavery. In order to escape the war, the Han people in the Yellow River valley crossed the river south again. Later, Mongolia destroyed gold and entered the Central Plains. As the Mongols pushed southward, the borders of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong became the battlefields in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Wen Tianxiang rose up against Yuan and led the rebels to Meizhou. Hakka children have joined the army and moved to Fujian and Guangdong. In order to seek a peaceful environment, the Hakkas who have moved here continue to move south and enter Meizhou and Huizhou in eastern Guangdong. Because at this time, residents are divided into "hosts" and "guests", and all immigrants and naturalized people are classified as "guests". And "Hakka" calls itself "Hakka". Note that the Hakkas in Meizhou developed at this time.
The fourth migration of Hakkas: There are two reasons for the fourth migration of Hakkas: First, it was influenced by the entry of Manchu into the Central Plains. When the Qing soldiers entered Fujian and Guangdong, the righteous Hakkas came forward to call on the masses to raise righteousness against the Qing Dynasty, and were forced to scatter everywhere after their failure. Some went to Taiwan Province Province with Zheng Chenggong; Moved to northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong; Some went to Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan. The second is the expansion of Hakka population. After more than 200 years of development, the Hakka population in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong has greatly increased, but there are few local Shan Ye and insufficient agricultural harvest, so they want to develop abroad. It coincided with the immigration movement of "moving lakes and filling Sichuan" initiated by the Qing government during the reign of Kangxi. As a result, a large number of Han people who moved from the Central Plains to the two lakes and Guangdong entered Sichuan. The ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo and Han were all Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian.
The Fifth Hakka Migration: During the reign of Xianfeng and Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan, with Hakkas as the basic team, moved south for more than ten years. After the fall of Tianjing, the insurgents were destroyed and the people fled. During this period, there was a gun battle between natives and guests in central Guangdong, which lasted for 12 years. In order to solve the disputes between the aborigines and the Hakkas, the Qing government specially designated Chixi area in Taishan to resettle the Hakkas. The unrest caused the Hakkas to start another great migration, moving to Hainan and Guangxi, and even crossing the ocean to make a living.
Hakkas emigrated overseas: Since the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Hakkas have emigrated overseas by sea and land while migrating to southern provinces. The sea route starts from Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Chixi, Taishan, and ventures to all parts of Nanyang by boat. Land enters Myanmar, Vietnam and other places through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan. Among them, there were volunteers who fled overseas after the failure of resisting Yuan in the late Song Dynasty, the "anti-Qing" in the early Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in the late Qing Dynasty and various armed uprisings led by Sun Yat-sen in the early period, and a considerable number of bankrupt farmers and urban poor who either sailed by boat, or were robbed, tricked and hired as "contract Chinese laborers" to work in Nanyang and other places. Since the mid-20th century, some people have migrated from their original countries to Europe, America, other countries and even other parts of the world. Now Hakka descendants have spread all over more than 80 countries and regions on five continents. As the saying goes, "Where there is sea water, there are Chinese, and where there are Chinese, there are Hakkas".
Hakka character
? When it comes to the character of Hakkas, I have to mention migration again. According to the popular science above, Hakka people have experienced five great migrations, and everyone knows that the migration is similar to this. Imagine getting married and having children, having a meal in rusu, fighting hunger on foot, fighting wild animals and robbers with bare hands, and finally being exhausted, coming to a paradise without war, that is, a mountainous area where no one has settled down, and having to start all over again and rebuild my home. Even the method of growing food needs to be relearned. The migration process of Hakkas is full of blood, tears and bitterness. Migration is a process full of wandering and weather-beaten. In this process, Hakkas have developed a hard-working, determined, introverted, calm and pragmatic, kind and intelligent character. Hakka people like to live and work in peace and contentment, but they don't forget to struggle. Although most Hakkas now follow socialism into a well-off life, the genes passed down by our ancestors still flow on us. Yes, Hakkas are still very kind, kind, kind, and say important things three times, haha. But bullying is smarter than Hakka people who think they are kind. They know how to tell who is sincere to themselves, who is hypocritical and who can't get along with and get close to each other. Because Hakkas are extremely introverted, even if they don't like you, they won't show it clearly, but will only stay away from you quietly. So if a Hakka doesn't associate with you, you can reflect on yourself, because a kind Hakka won't do rude things easily, haha. Calm, pragmatic, low-key, smart and studious, I think this is also the reason why so many Hakkas in Guangdong government were officials. This kind of personality is most suitable for being an official. I seem to have exposed too much (covering my face).
Hakka diet
When it comes to Hakka food, 100 people say Hakka bean curd brain (in distress situation). I don't blame you. Hakka tofu is well known. Tofu is the ancestor of Hakkas. Because he missed jiaozi in the Central Plains, but at that time, wheat could not be planted in the south, and there was no flour to make jiaozi. Clever Hakka ancestors invented to soak minced meat (usually with onions and mushrooms) in tofu, fry it in oil pan and stew it in casserole. This is indeed a feature.
Although Hakka people are famous for making tofu, I want to say that Xingning people's favorite food is not making tofu, but making boards and bitter gourd. In addition, our family also likes to eat fermented green peppers. I don't explain how, I explain that you can't be original. Friends who want to eat can come to Meizhou and go directly to the picture, haha.
Another Meizhou dish that I have to mention is pork balls. Yes, friends, besides Chaoshan beef balls, Meizhou pork balls are also delicious. In fact, I personally prefer pork balls, because eating too much beef will be a little greasy and pork balls will be more refreshing, so there is no such problem.
? Hakka marinated noodles are much more delicious than Lanzhou Lamian Noodles. With medlar lean broth, it is a perfect match. Hakka just lacks a Li Ka-shing who can do business. Haha, Hakka halogen powder has not been promoted.
Besides, in fact, the taste of Hakka people is similar to that of Cantonese food, and they prefer light and original food. In addition, the grapefruit in Meizhou is really the best in the country. It is no exaggeration to say that you can try if you don't believe me.
Hakka culture?
? Culture and personality are closely related. Hakka people are really not so famous for singing and dancing, or not so romantic. My classmates called me romantic (covering my face), but Hakka people still love to express their lives, so they invented Hakka folk songs, which are similar to those sung by Liu Sanjie. Hakka dialect is an important representative of Hakka culture. Some experts have studied Hakka dialect and ancient Chinese, especially the names of living fossils with ancient Chinese. Hakka dialect retains many ancient Chinese words, such as "birds love the old forest and fish miss their hometown". Hakkas have not forgotten the Han culture in the Central Plains. They insisted on speaking "awei dialect" (the mother tongue of the Central Plains), and absorbed and integrated local dialects, forming a relatively independent and self-contained Hakka dialect that preserved the phonology of the Central Plains. All the people who can speak Hakka are "family members".
Surrounding Dragon House is one of the inventions of Hakkas, and it is a famous characteristic residential building in Hakka culture of Han nationality. Wai House was built in Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Wei Long House in Meizhou is the representative of the architectural style and form of Hakka dwellings. Wai House is one of the five characteristic residential buildings in China, which combines the simple background of Han nationality with the regional cultural characteristics of southern mountainous areas. Popular science: the first half of the paddock is a half-moon pool, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is compacted and paved with concrete. It is called "Peace" (or Tang Di), and it is a place for residents to exercise or dry their clothes. At the junction of "Heping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and pebbles. The short one is called "Wall Ridge" and the tall one is called "Zhao Qiang". Half Moon Lake is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields, storing water for drought prevention and fire prevention. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool. The second half of the building is the square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and an enclosure; There are "three floors and four horizontal" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure construction area is several thousand square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some Dalongwu have hundreds of households and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of an enclosure. There are three dragon houses and two transverse walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the hall and the hall, which is separated by wooden screens and can be opened and closed as needed. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, reception rooms, wing rooms, study rooms and living rooms. Around the hall, strewn at random have send, primary and secondary. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.
? I know what you can't understand. Take the picture above, haha.
Hakka treasure
? What? There are still treasures hidden in Hakka places. Yes, it is important to knock on the blackboard. Come and thank me. I won't tell him about ordinary people. Listen carefully. Hakka baby is a guest, a family member and a sister! Hakka girls are gentle and kind, considerate and thrifty, and know how to deal with interpersonal relationships. She is definitely the best choice for a good wife. Don't blame me for bragging. Haha, some children's shoes from northern provinces told me that her sister-in-law is from Meizhou, and the whole family was full of praise. So, now I have found a Hakka girl to be my girlfriend's boy shoes, and I will treat them as treasures as soon as possible. Don't blame me for not reminding you. You will regret missing Hakka girls for life, haha!
Finally, let's talk about Hakka. "Little brother and little sister" means pretty girl and handsome boy in Cantonese. Welcome to Meizhou, the most authentic Hakka capital. After all, if you want to know something, you should experience it yourself.