There are five complicated gender structures in Polish grammar:
Neutral (rodzajunijakiego)
Negative (rodzaju? Esquigo)
Sanzheng (rodzajum? Skiego) (dynamic: human, animal, non-dynamic: non-animal).
There are seven kinds of lattice changes (deklinacja)
Nominative case (mianownik)
Genus; Possessive case; Born (dope? niacz)
Using case indirect lattice (celownik)
Overeating; Yes, brother; Birnick (Birnick)
Toolbox; Make a grid (narz? dnik)
Pre-grid; Mi Jesco Nick
Hugue (Wo? acz)
And the representation of two numbers (singular and plural).
The changes of nouns, adjectives and verbs in Polish are inflectional, and the changes of the suffix of nouns and the person of verbs are extremely irregular. Personal pronoun (zaimek osobowy):
English is a synonym in brackets (). Singular plural 1 person ja- I (I) my- we (we) 2 people ty- you (nickname) (you) wy- you (you) 3 people on- he (he).
Ona-she (she)
Ono- it (it) oni- (front) them (them)
-(non-masculine) them, their verb (czasownik):
Every verb can be perfect or imperfect.
Verbs are often paired, one is an imperfect verb and the other is a perfect verb (composed of an imperfect verb and a prefix word), but it is often that a single imperfect verb and different prefix phrases synthesize multiple perfect verbs. Of course, these perfect verbs synthesized by different prefix phrases have their own meanings. Verb tense:
Verb structure (the form of the perfect aspect) (the form of the unfinished object) An example of the unfinished object.
Verb +i? Infinitive infinitive robi? zrobi？
The verb+suffix will be simple in the future and robiciezrobicie now.
Past participle+suffix past perfect past imperfect robili? ciezrobili？ cambridge international examinations
(This suffix can be removed) co? cierobilico？ Shezlobili
Movable suffix words are usually attached to the most emphasized words in verbs or sentences, such as prepositions in interrogative sentences. )
Sometimes a function word is added to a sentence, such as-? E stands for emphasis.
So this sentence (what did you do? What did you do? ) you can change it like this:
Cozrobili？ cie？ (zrobili？ Cie is the past perfect verb)
Co？ ciezrobili？ (the perfect zrobili of the past? The suffix word of cie? Cie moved to Co)
Có？ e？ ciezrobili？ (Co？ Cie put function words? E strengthening mood structure)
None of these sentence patterns use a subject (you wy- plural). Of course, you can also use the keyword you, but the keyword is better in the first sentence (the other two sentences are very structural and focus on the emphasis of verbs, so whether the keyword is not so important):
Cowyzrobili？ cie？ (Cozrobili？ cie？ If you add your wy- plural, this sentence will look better.)
Co？ ciezrobili？ In fact, Poles don't use the subject in this sentence.
Co？ e？ ciezrobili？ (same as above)
Cowie? ciezrobili？ This sentence emphasizes you, so you added an emphasis suffix? Cie, like -wy+? cie(wy？ cie))
Past participles are subordinate to numerals and gender, so for the third person, the singular past perfect can make such changes:
zrobi？ (He did/handled it)
zrobi？ (She did/handled it)
zrobi？ O (completed/processed)
Verb by? Time variation of:
By who? A verb that means "you are here ~ you".
Present tense singular plural first person jestem jeste? My second name is Jester? Jester The third person in cie, jest s? future tense
First person? Is the singular stem of the third person B? D-, other singular and plural person stems are bedzi-. Singular plural first person b? d？ b？ Dziemy, is the second person B? dziesz b？ Dziecie, the third person b? dzie b？ d？ Past tense singular plural 1 person by? Em- (male noun)
By who? Am- (female noun) byli? My-(male noun)
By who? y？ My-(female noun) second person is called by? e？ -(male noun)
By who? Answer? -(female noun) byli? Cie- (male noun)
By who? y？ Cie- (female noun) third person by? -(male noun)
By who? (female noun)
By who? O- (neutral noun) byli- (male noun)
By who? Y- (non-male noun) adjective adjective (przymiotnik):
Lattice change
Any singular and plural adjective of "beauty" has different expressions.
Is the singular lattice change a positive (active) positive (passive) negative neutral nominative case? Hugo? Adeni Adeni adna？ Adne hymn? Adenego? Adenego? Adene? Adenego and Ge? Adenem? Adenem? Adene? Adenem was right? Adenego? Adeni adn？ ? Adenauer does the grid? adnym？ adnym？ adn？ ? Adnym prefix? adnym？ adnym？ Adene? Adnym complex lattice change positive non-positive main lattice? Hugo? Adeni? Adne hymn? adnych？ Adnych and lattice? adnym？ Adnym was right? adnych？ Adenauer does the grid? Adenimi? Adnymi prefix? adnych？ Adnych Polish belongs to the inflectional language family, and as far as the characteristics of adhesive language are concerned, word order is generally not emphasized. Judging from the Polish course of Wikipedia books. The basic word order of Polish is SVO (subject+verb+subject), but if the meaning of the whole sentence is obvious, you can also omit a word or a verb without subject and subject. The following sentences have the same meaning (Annie has a cat "Ania has a cat"):
Ania ma kota。
Ania kota ma。
Kota ma Ania。
My name is Arnie Kota.
Kota Ania ma。
Ma kota Ania。
However, only the first sentence in these sentences is the original pronunciation of Polish, and other sentences have been changed with phonetic emphasis to meet the needs of application.
If the meaning in the article is clear, we can omit the subject, the recipient and even the verb.
Ma kota (with a cat)-If you know who you are talking about, you can use Ma kota instead of the whole sentence Ania ma kota.
Ma (yes)-answer this sentence, Czy Ania ma kota? Does Annie have a cat? ) just use a horse.
Annie (Annie's name)-Answer kota Maccotta? Who has a cat? ) Just use Ania, which means Kto(кто).
Kota (Cat)-Come and answer Comania? What does Ania have? ) use Kota.
Anniema (Annie has)-Answer Który z naszych przyjació? ma kota？ Which of our friends has a cat? When using).
Here czy(ли) is an interrogative modal particle, which will turn sentences into interrogative sentences. The syntactic structure of Polish interrogative sentences is "Czy…… ................................................................................................................................................................... "Just as the French question begins with" Est-ce que…… ... "?" ; Or "... ли ...?" Used in Russian interrogative sentences. The sentence structure is the same.
In Polish syntax, there is a tendency that sentences can often omit the subject instead of the receiver. Of course, except for omitting the subject, you may not know the usage of omitting the subject. If this sentence is hit by Kto Marco? Who has a cat? ), the answer is Annie, the answer can be answered without verbs, for example, you can answer without these two grammars, Ania ma. Or Ania ma kota.
Especially the pronouns ja (I) and ty (you), and their plural usages my (we) and wy (you) are mostly omitted in the sentence. Every verb can be perfect or imperfect.
Verbs are often paired, one is an imperfect verb and the other is a perfect verb (composed of an imperfect verb and a prefix word), but it is often that a single imperfect verb and different prefix phrases synthesize multiple perfect verbs. Of course, these perfect verbs synthesized by different prefix phrases have their own meanings.
Verb tense:
Verb structure (the form of the perfect aspect) (the form of the unfinished object) An example of the unfinished object.
Verb +i? Infinitive infinitive robi? zrobi？
The verb+suffix will be simple in the future and now robicie zrobicie.
Past participle+suffix past perfect past imperfect robili? cie zrobili？ cambridge international examinations
(This suffix can be removed) co? Cie robili company? cie zrobili
Movable suffix words are usually attached to the most emphasized words in verbs or sentences, such as prepositions in interrogative sentences. )
Sometimes a function word is added to a sentence, such as-? E stands for emphasis.
So this sentence (what did you do? What did you do? ) you can change it like this:
Co zrobili？ cie？ (zrobili？ Cie is the past perfect verb)
Co？ cie zrobili？ (the perfect zrobili of the past? The suffix word of cie? Cie moved to Co)
Có？ e？ cie zrobili？ (Co？ Cie put function words? E strengthening mood structure)
None of these sentence patterns use a subject (you wy-plural). Of course, you can also use the keyword you, but the keyword is better in the first sentence (the other two sentences are very structural and focus on the emphasis of verbs, so whether the keyword is not so important):
Co wy zrobili？ cie？ (Co zrobili？ cie？ If you add your wy-plural, this sentence will look better.)
Co？ cie zrobili？ In fact, Poles don't use the subject in this sentence.
Co？ e？ cie zrobili？ (same as above)
Co wy？ cie zrobili？ This sentence emphasizes you, so you added an emphasis suffix? Cie, like -wy+? cie(wy？ cie))
Past participles are subordinate to numerals and gender, so for the third person, the singular past perfect can make such changes:
zrobi？ (He did/handled it)
zrobi？ (She did/handled it)
zrobi？ O (Made/Processed) Polish belongs to the family of adhesive languages. As far as the characteristics of adhesive languages are concerned, word order is generally not important. Judging from the Polish course of Wikipedia books. The basic word order of Polish is SVO (subject+verb+subject), but if the meaning of the whole sentence is obvious, you can also omit a word or a verb without subject and subject.
The following sentences have the same meaning (Annie has a cat "Annie has a cat"):
Anne Ma Kota.
Anne kota ma.
Kota ma Annie。
I'm Anne Kota.
Marco hit Annie.
Marco hit Annie.
However, only the first sentence in these sentences is the original pronunciation of Polish, and other sentences have been changed with phonetic emphasis to meet the needs of application.
If the meaning in the article is clear, we can omit the subject, the recipient and even the verb.
Ma kota (and a cat)-If you know who's talking, use Ma kota instead of Annie ma kota.
Ma (Yes)-Answer this sentence, Czy Annie me kota? Does Annie have a cat? ) just use a horse.
Annie (Annie's name)-Answer kota Maccotta? Who has a cat? ) Annie can use, who does Kto(кто) mean?
Kota (Cat)-Come and answer Co ma Annie? Annie: What's there? ) use Kota.
Annie has it)—— Answer to Kto·z· Nacic znajomych Ma Kota? Which of our friends has a cat? When using).
Here czy(ли) is an interrogative modal particle, which will turn sentences into interrogative sentences. The syntactic structure of Polish interrogative sentences is "Czy…… ................................................................................................................................................................... "Just as the French question begins with" Est-ce que…… ... "?" ; Or "... ли?" Used at the end of Russian interrogative sentences. The sentence structure is the same.
In Polish syntax, there is a tendency that sentences can often omit the subject instead of the receiver. Of course, except for omitting the subject, you may not know the usage of omitting the subject. If this sentence is hit by Kto Marco? Who has a cat? ), the answer is only Annie, and the answer can be answered without verbs, such as Annie ma. Or Anne Maccotta. You can answer without these two grammars.
Especially the pronouns ja (I) and ty (you), and their plural usages my (we) and wy (you) are mostly omitted in the sentence.
Greeting-1
Goodbye, do Zegna.
Cze？ hello
Rice? Ego dnia, have a nice day.
Good evening.
Cze？ Hi!
Jak masz na imi？ What's your name?
Nazism ... my name is .......
Miss Panna
Greetings -2
Mrs. Pani
Pan
Pozwoli pan/pani，？ E si? przedstawi？ .. allow me to introduce myself.
Rice? O meters. Nice to meet you!
Jack Jester? narodowo？ ci？ Where are you from?
Goz Meskas? Where do you live?
Mizkam .. I live in. ......
Please give me Przepraszam
A quick way to learn Polish;
Hello! Jin Dao bu lei
Goodbye, Vi Zegna (Virginia)
Thank you Dziekuje (Golden Cry Night)
I'm sorry! przeprazam(Psypraszam)
It doesn't matter! Pinch dough by machine
I love you! KOCHAM CIE (Koham thief)
Nice to meet you. Balzo Mi Milo! (Soap-wrapped rice nest)
Good Night! Dobra Nock (Sabra Naichi)
What is this? Are you kidding? (Ye scene)
What's your name? JAK· Maas Naimeh? (Jacques Masina Miao)
how much is it? Jaka ·CENA? (Fu Yunru Geithner)
Where is the hotel? Geji Gester Hotel (Geyejester Tai Hao Le)
Who is this? Are you kidding? (Ke Taotao, Gester)
What time is it now? Ketora Gozna? (Cottura Gujina)
My name is ... MAM NA IMIE ... (Inachu, Jiang Mumu ...).
I don't know Nie Weim (Nie Weim (Mu reads softly))
How are you, JAK·SIE· Maas? (Jacques Ma Xie style)
Yes, not Nie.
I like you! Ruby Che
Be quiet! DAJ· Pokoj! (Dai e dead bubble library e)
I know what you mean. Rozumiem CIE (old tenant M. Chern)
I wish you the best of health! NA ZDROWIE (fishing for the word "na")
Monday PONIEDZIALEK (splash water and add K)
Tuesday WTOREK (Vtolek)
Wednesday SRODA (Xi boss Xi)
Thursday Czech Republic
Friday PIATEK (pintek)
Sobota on Saturday (sweeping him)
Knead and pull on Sunday
What do you mean? O CO CHODZI？ (o Cao Haoji)
January STYCZEN (Death)
February Luti (Lu (1) Te)
Mar Zeitz in March (mother Rai (1) era)
April KWIECIEN (K not cut n).
May MAJ (swear)
CZERWIEC in June (feed time cancelled (softly))
Lipitor in July (power list)
SIERPIEN in August (rest)
September WRZESIEN (Freichebei)
10 month pazdziernik (pick up Nick on Sunday)
1 1 month listopada (with large silk sleeves)
December Grudzien (Glukin)
Victory Wigrana (Vigo Rana)
Help Pomock (Wave Mill)
I love you, Cochamci?