Due to religious belief, during the period of 1230- 1380, at the request of the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire, the Teutonic Knights conquered the east coast of the Baltic Sea, with one exception, that is, the Samodhia region belonging to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was separated from the land of the Knights.
The related disputes lasted for more than 100 years, during which we could fight for Samodhia under the pretext of religious belief. Later, as Lithuania converted to Christianity, the contradiction was completely intensified and a war was waged with Lithuania. At this time, Lithuania and Poland were in a monarchy after the Crayvol Conference.
War process
Uprising, war and truce
1409 In May, an uprising broke out in Samoggia controlled by the Teutonic Order. Lithuania supported the uprising, while the Knights threatened to invade Lithuania. Poland declared its support for Lithuania and in turn threatened to invade Prussia. Ulrici von Rongjingen, head of the Teutonic Order, declared war on the Polish Kingdom and the Lithuanian Principality when the Prussian army withdrew from Samoggia on August 6th, 409.
The Knights hoped to carve up Poland and Lithuania one by one, and started with the invasion of Great Poland and Kuyavia, and captured the Poles by surprise. The Knights burned down the castle in Doblin. After a siege of 14 days, they captured Nicky and Bobrov, conquered Bidego, and successively looted several towns. ?
Poles organized a counterattack to recapture Beach. Samogia attacked Memmel (Clay Pether). However, neither side is ready for a full-scale war. Wenzel I agreed to mediate the conflict. 1409 65438+1October 8, the two sides reached a truce; The truce is scheduled to end on June 24th. 14 10.
The two sides used this time to prepare for war, build up military strength and engage in diplomacy. Both sides sent letters to send envoys, accusing each other of doing various activities, posing a threat to the Christian world. Vaclav IV received a gift from 60,000 Frohring of the Knights, claiming that Samodhia was owned by the Knights, and only Doblin was owned by Poland.
The order also gave military assistance to Hungarian King sigismund, and sigismund also intended to conquer the Principality of Moldova. Sigismund intends to cede the throne to Vitautas to break the Polish-Lithuanian alliance; If Vitautas accepts the throne, he will violate the Ostruff Agreement and lead to discord between Poland and Lithuania. At the same time, D Tatas successfully reached an armistice agreement with the Order of Livonia.
Strategy, March to Prussia
By the time of 1409 and 12, Jorge and Vitautas reached an agreement on the following common strategy: the armies of the two countries joined forces to form an army and marched together into marienburg, the capital of the Teutonic Order. On the defensive, the Teutonic Knights did not expect that the two countries would merge and launch an attack. They prepared for the invasion of Poland and Lithuania respectively. The former will March into Danzig (Gdansk) along the Vistula River, while the latter will March into Lagenite (Niemann) along the Niemann River. ?
Ulrici von Rongjingen concentrated his troops in Schwier, in order to counter the threat he perceived. This place is in the middle. No matter what direction the enemy attacks, the knights stationed here can fight back quickly. In order to hide their plans and confuse the Knights, Eugera and D Tatas launched several raids in the border areas, which made the Knights' sergeant officers want to stop.
In the first stage of the Battle of Grunwald, all Polish-Lithuanian allies were deployed in Czerwinske, the meeting point about 80 kilometers away from the Prussian border, and then the allies would cross the Vistula River through the pontoon bridge. This step requires the allied forces composed of multi-ethnic groups to have accurate military orders and a high degree of consistency, and this stage takes less than a week from June 24th to 30th of the same month in 14 10.
After the Allied forces crossed the river, the Mazovsky troops under the command of the Duke of Matsov, Semowe I, and the Duke of Warsaw, janus I, joined the Allied forces. On July 3rd, the army began to March northward to marienburg. On July 9, the Allies crossed the Prussian border. As soon as ulrich von Rongjingen knew the intention of the Polish-Lithuanian coalition, he left 3,000 people in Schwier.
Under the command of Heinrich von Pulen, the army deployed a defense line along the Drevinz River (Delven Zhahe River). On July 1 1, Yogela decided not to cross the Drevinz River in this heavily guarded place, but to travel eastward to its source, bypassing the river, and there was no other river to separate his army from marienburg. ?
The Teutonic Knights crossed the river in Lebao (Lubava) along the north of the Levenz River in Shunde, and then wanted to March eastward, parallel to the route of the Polish Lithuanian army. The allied forces ransacked the village of Danbruvno. Feng Rongjingen was angered by the atrocities of the allied forces, and he vowed to defeat the invaders in the battle.
Battle of Grunwald:1410 July 15, the battle of Grunwald (also known as the first battle of Tannanbao) broke out between the two sides. In this medieval decisive battle, the Teutonic Knights were defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Coalition forces, and the main force suffered heavy losses and never recovered.
Siege marienburg
After the battle, the Polish-Lithuanian allied forces stayed on the battlefield for three days, and then marched only15km every day, thus delaying the attack on marienburg, the capital of Teutonic. The main force didn't arrive in heavily guarded marienburg until July 26th. The delay in Poland and Lithuania gave Heinrich von Pulen enough time to defend himself.
Yogela also sent his men to attack other Teutonic fortresses, which usually fell without fighting, including major cities such as Danzig, Thorne and Elbin. Only eight castles are still in the hands of Teutonic knights. Allied forces besieging marienburg expected Teutonic knights to surrender soon, and were not prepared for a long-term battle. They are plagued by problems such as lack of supplies, low morale and the spread of dysentery. ?
The Order sought help from their allies, and sigismund, Wenzel I and the Order of Livonia promised to provide financial assistance and military reinforcements. On September 19, the allied forces stopped besieging marienburg. Polish-Lithuanian Coalition forces left the captured or surrendered guards in the fortress and then went home. However, the knights soon recaptured most of the castle.
By the end of 10, only four Teutonic castles near the border were still controlled by Poland. Yogela assembled military forces to form a new army, and defeated the Knights Order again in the Battle of Koronovo 14 10+ 10. After several other brief battles, the two sides agreed to negotiate.
Peace treaties and influence
14 1 1 February, the two sides signed the Peace Treaty of Thorne. According to the peace treaty, the Order ceded Doblin to Poland, and agreed to give up its territorial claim to Samodhia when Yogra and Vi Tatas were alive, although there would be two other wars between the two sides-1414 Hunger War and golub War.
Poles and Lithuanians cannot turn military victory into territorial or diplomatic interests. However, the Thorne Peace Treaty brought a huge economic burden to the Knights, and the Knights never recovered. They need to pay compensation in four installments with silver coins, which is estimated to be ten times the annual income of the king of England.
In order to pay reparations, the knights borrowed a lot of foreign debts, confiscated the gold and silver of the church, and increased the tax burden. Riots broke out in Danzig and Thorne, two major cities in Prussia, boycotting tax increases. The fiasco at the Battle of Grunwald left the Teutonic Order with few troops to defend its remaining territory.
Now that Poland and Lithuania have become Christian countries, it is difficult for the Knights to recruit new recruits who volunteered to join the Crusades. Since then, the commander of the Order had to rely on mercenaries, which greatly consumed the already tight budget of the Order. Internal conflicts, economic depression, and tax increases made the Knights' domestic unrest, and the Prussian Confederation against the Knights' rule was also established under this background.
This in turn led to a series of conflicts, which eventually led to the Thirteen Years' War.