Republic of Austria
Capital: Vienna
Area: 83,853.00 square kilometers
Time difference with Beijing: -7.00
International telephone code: 43
Population: 8.089 million (1998)
Language: German
Currency: Austrian schilling (now euro)
Ethnic composition: Austria 99.4%, Croatia 0.3%, Slovenia 0.2%, other ethnic groups 0. 1%.
Religion: Catholicism 85%, Christianity 6%, other 9%.
National flower: Leontopodium alpinum (Compositae)
brief history
Austria used to be the center of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which occupied most of the territory of Central Europe. After World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. 1918165438+10/2 Austria announced the establishment of the Republic. 1938 In March, Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. After the allied forces liberated Austria, an interim government was established in April 27. 1945. In July of the same year, after Germany surrendered, Austria was occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France, and the whole territory was divided into four occupied areas. 1955 in may, the four countries signed a treaty with Austria, declaring their respect for Austria's sovereignty and independence. All the occupying forces of the four countries withdrew. In the same year, 101October 26th, the Austrian National Assembly passed the constitutional law, declaring Austria a permanent neutral country.
The Federal Republic of Austria is located in the middle of Europe, including the Eastern Alps and a part of the Danube River basin, with an area of 83,858 square kilometers and a territory shaped like a flat violin. Austria is a landlocked country with a total length of 65,438+0,682 miles, bordering eight countries. Clockwise from the north are Czech Republic (29 1 mile), Slovakia (64 miles), Hungary (220 miles), Slovenia (205 miles), Italy (267 miles), Switzerland (104 miles), Liechtenstein (22 miles) and Germany (509 miles). Due to historical reasons and the transportation hub in the southeast and northwest of Europe, Austria is known as the "country in the heart of Europe" and the "crossroads" between East and West, and is the cultural center of Europe.
Terrain:
The eastern Alps cross the whole territory from west to east, and the mountainous area accounts for 70%. The highest peak, Great Glockner Mountain, is 3797 meters above sea level. The Viennese basin in the northeast and the plain in the southeast are economically developed and densely populated areas in China. The Danube runs through the north, and its main tributaries are the Mur River and the Salchah River. Larger lakes include Boden Lake and so on.
Climate:
The Alps cover most of Austria's territory and play a decisive role in Austria's different climatic conditions. Most of the northern Alps belong to the climate of Central Europe, that is, it will rain in pleasant summer. Southern alps, located in Kernten, has a Mediterranean climate, which is warm and seldom rains. The Alps themselves are hot in summer, cold and snowy in winter. Eastern Austria has a continental climate, and Burgundy is influenced by Panonia Plain, with hot summer and cold winter.
Customs and habits:
1. Austrian businessmen are quite formal and serious. China people who go abroad should wear suits when they go to Austria for business contacts.
2. When communicating with the Austrian, you must write the title to him correctly-if you write the chairman as the general manager wrongly, the transaction will definitely fall through. If there are several titles on his business card, be sure to find out which one is the most important, and you can also add academic titles such as [Doctor, Professor, Engineer ...].
3. When visiting public and private units, you must make an appointment first, attend business talks and be punctual. Remember to shake hands with everyone when meeting and breaking up. If you are invited to lunch, don't pay the bill in a hurry. You'd better invite you to lunch another chance. If you are invited to dinner and listen to opera or drama after dinner, there is no need to invite you back.
If the other party invites you to be a guest at home, remember to bring a bunch of flowers. It is best to enrich your classical music literacy and skiing knowledge in advance.
5.2-April, September-165438+ 10 are the most suitable places to go, but Christmas and Easter are not suitable for two weeks, and July and August are not suitable because they are holidays.
Education status:
Education in Austria is controlled by the federal government, and nine-year compulsory education is implemented for 6- 15 children. School-age children's tuition, books and transportation expenses shall be borne by the state. The school education system is as follows: preschool education; Primary education; Primary and secondary education; High school education; Higher education.
In the pre-school education stage, preschool children should be given a one-year compulsory pre-school education to educate them on how to protect the environment and pay attention to traffic safety.
Primary education is a four-year primary education.
Junior high school education is divided into: (1) senior primary schools, which are the continuation of primary schools, with a schooling period of 4 years and grades ranging from Grade 5 to 8th grade. After graduation, students can find jobs or continue to go to school; (2) Junior ordinary middle school, which lasts less than four years, is compulsory education; (3) The junior high school lasts for 4 years, mainly preparing for the advanced stage.
The senior secondary education stage is divided into (1) senior secondary schools, with a schooling period of 4 years. During this period, students can learn enough knowledge and enter the university without examination in the future. (2) In technical schools, the length of schooling varies, and students can find jobs after studying.
There are 65,438+08 institutions of higher learning in Austria, all of which are state-run and led by the Federal Ministry of Scientific Research. Many disciplines and scientific research achievements enjoy a high reputation in the world. From 1905 to 1904, 17 institutions have won 16 nobel prizes in medicine, physics, chemistry and economic science.
The highest authority of Austrian institutions of higher learning is the School Affairs Committee, which is composed of professors, teaching assistants, teachers and students and is responsible for handling major affairs of the school.
Austrian colleges and universities are run by professors, and the seats of professors are set according to the needs of national majors. The tenure of a professor is lifelong.
Austrian universities have colleges (departments), and the basic administrative unit is research and affiliated hospitals (medical universities). Research institutes are usually composed of associate professors, teaching assistants and teaching assistants. The professor is in charge of teaching, scientific research, finance and personnel in the institute.
The funds for running Austrian higher education institutions are mainly provided by the state. Generally speaking, the state's expenditure on education and scientific research accounts for 3% of the total budget, of which 23% is allocated to universities and colleges as business funds and capital construction expenses.
The length of study in Austrian universities is generally four to five years, including two years of basic study and two to three years of professional study. Students should complete the study of compulsory courses and elective courses within the specified time, obtain the necessary credits through the examination, write a graduation thesis in the final stage of study, and graduate after passing the examination.
Austria only offers advanced degrees-university doctorates. Doctoral education is a natural continuation of undergraduate education. Whether you can become a doctoral student depends on your research ability and the degree of consent of your tutor. There is no age limit for doctoral students. There is no graduate school in Austrian universities, and there is no institution specially responsible for organizing doctoral education. The main form is agreed by your tutor and students.