Ancient articles for daily use: common sense of ancient culture in China
There are too many articles for daily use to describe one by one. Now let's just talk about the main ones that are quite different from ancient times to modern times.
The ancients sat on the floor, so they had to take off their seats before going to court. Seats vary in length. How many people can sit in a long chair, and only one person can sit in a short chair. And Yan are synonyms. Differentially speaking, Yan is longer than Yan, and it is spread on the ground. Seats were added for people to sit at the banquet. Later, the word banquet was used to indicate the display of a banquet. Chen Ziang bid farewell to his friends in the spring night: "Golden Zun vs Seven Words." In modern times, "feast" has become a word, which is synonymous with wine.
The ancient bed has dual functions, which can be used as bedding and seating. The "Xiao Ya Four Cadres" in The Book of Songs is a bed for sleeping and used as bedding; "Shun is on the piano" [1] in Mencius' chapters and sentences, that is, as a seating position.
When the ancients sat, their knees knelt on the mat or bed and their hips sat on their heels [2]. Some are rectangular, not high, similar to Jikang in the north today. Mencius on Ugly Sun said that Mencius lived in seclusion. Zhuangzi's Theory of Everything says that "Guo Zi sits still", so there are only a few opportunities. Several sticks are usually used by the elderly to lean on, so in ancient times, several sticks were often used as tools to support and respect the elderly.
In ancient times, the tray used to feed food was called a food box, which was rectangular and round. The former has four feet and the latter has three feet, which can be placed on the ground. This is a food box. Hongliang's wife, the legend of Liang Hong in the later Han Dynasty, said that she "took Qi Mei as an example". There are also books, rectangular, with wide feet at both ends and bent inward, not very high. Later generations changed the way of sitting to what it is today, so they had higher tables and chairs.
Candles existed in the pre-Qin period, but ancient candles were not the candles referred to by later generations. Shuowen said, "Candles are the big candles of the imperial court." Candles and courtyards are the same thing, both torches. Break it down, hold it in your hand and call the candle. The big candle stands on the ground and calls the court. It is said that the big candle is made of reed salary and the small candle is made of hemp steam [3].
Stirrups (lamps) used for lighting existed during the Warring States Period, when stirrups were different from the lamps of later generations. Because its shape is similar to that of a food container, it is called stirrup [4]. In ancient times, stirrup was lit with ointment, and stirrup was animal fat. "Chu Ci Evocation" said: "Blue paste is a candle, and Han stirrup is slightly wrong." [5] Vegetable oil for lighting is a later thing.
In ancient times, thunder was a farming tool. Shuowen said: "Lei, hand-ploughing Qumu also." At first, it was made of natural curved wood, and later it was known that "rubbing wood for thunder". Thunder and halberd were originally two kinds of agricultural tools. The upper end is hooked and the lower end is bifurcated; The lower end of the shovel is a flat plate with a round head, and later it is embedded with bronze or iron pieces, which became the predecessor of the plow. The ancients often took thunder as an example. For example, Mencius on Teng Wengong said, "Disciple Chen Xiang and his brother Xin took thunder and became the Teng of the Song Dynasty." [6] Ancient commentators often think that class is the name of two different parts of a farm tool. Class is the curved wood at the upper end of the class and the log or metal blade at the lower end of the class, which shows that the confusion of class has a long history. Later, Lei Lei was used as a synonym for general farm tools.
It is a short sickle, but a shovel-like agricultural tool, which is used for weeding and digging. In ancient times, money used to be the medium of transaction, so the money in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period imitated the shape of money and was called money or cloth (cloth and cloth with the same ancient sound).
In ancient times, there were cookers such as Ding, Wei (l √) and (y √ m √ n). There are pottery and bronzes.
Ding was used to hold meat, in cook the meat. It is generally round with three legs [7], rectangular with four legs. That's Fang Ding. There are ears on the left and right sides of the tripod, and you can wear Xuan, which is a thick stick for lifting the tripod [8]. Fire can burn to the bottom of the tripod. Some kinds of meat are cooked in several cauldrons and then fed into the cauldron, so it is said that "food is in the cauldron". Zhong Ming Shi Ding is an aspect of aristocratic luxury life. Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting said: "Yan Lu is on the ground, and Zhong Ming is the hometown of food." [9] The ancients took the meat out of the tripod with a dagger, put it on the table and cut it with a knife. Therefore, ancient books are often both knives and knives. Bi is a long-handled spoon, a small rectangular plate with enough support at both ends, usually made of wood and little copper.
The excavation of the bronze tomb was very late. This is because I used to work with wood. Wood will rot with age, and of course it can't be preserved. So until the end of the Qing Dynasty, scholars were still speculating about the specific shape of "tile" according to the theory of philology.
Now this problem has been completely solved with the excavation of copper tile, but the articles of ancient scholars speculating the concrete shape of copper tile with philology theory are always charming.
In ancient times, it was used for cooking and steaming. It is like a tripod, with three short hollow feet, and a fire is lit below to cook. Divided into upper and lower floors. The lower layer is like a slow fire, with water in it and steam rising to the upper layer by boiling water. The upper layer looks like a retort (a steamer with holes at the bottom), and there are rice grains and the like in it. There is a porous horizontal partition (grate) between the upper and lower layers, which is convenient for steam to penetrate and prevent rice grains from leaking to the lower layer.
In ancient books, cauldron and cauldron are often used at the same time. Mencius Teng Wengong: "Did Xu Zi use an iron plow?" [10] "Historical Records of Xiang Yu": "Xiang Yu was rewarded and led troops to cross the river, all of them sank and the pot broke." Use the kettle together. The kettle is like a pot, which is equivalent to the lower level; Retort is like a pot with fine holes at the bottom, which is equivalent to the upper layer on the kettle. There are also grates between the cauldrons.
The ancients served dishes without (bowls). Although Shuowen has words, it is a small jar (water vessel). An antique handed down from ancient times is actually a small jar with a handle beside it, which is used to scoop water [1 1]. In ancient times, rice bowls (guǐ) were generally round-bellied and round-footed (the feet were at the bottom of the abdomen to form a circle), with ears on both sides, made of bronze or pottery, and also made of wood or bamboo. There is another kind (f incarnation), which is rectangular and has the same use as reed. In ancient books, bamboo and bamboo combinations often appear. There were beans in ancient food containers, just like today's tall plates, and some of them had lids. Beans were originally used to hold millet, but later they gradually became meat sauce and meat soup. In ancient times, cajan was called bean, bamboo bean was barnyard grass, and tile bean was Deng (). The Book of Songs gave birth to the people: "Yu Yudu." There are other names for copper beans, so I don't need to elaborate here.
Chopsticks were called chopsticks in ancient times, but in the pre-Qin period, chopsticks were generally not used for eating. "Book of Rites Quli" says: "No rice." It means don't mess up the rice with your hands before eating. It can be seen that rice was sent to the entrance manually at that time. But chopsticks are used under certain circumstances. "Book of Rites Quli Shang": "Soups are useful for food." Uncle Kong: "Cross dishes." It is a kind of chopsticks. Chopsticks were not widely used until about the Han Dynasty. Zhang Liangzhuan in the Han Dynasty said, "Borrow the previous slips to raise them." In ancient times, the containers for holding wine were Zun, Fu and Hu. In The Book of Songs, "Nan Zhou curls his ears", "menstruation drinks his gold" and "menstruation drinks his belly" are all containers for wine. Wan is also a drinking vessel, so the Book of Songs in July says, "Call him money and you will live forever." [12] The pot is used to hold not only wine but also water. The ancients used barrels to scoop wine and water. Scooping is called scooping, and pouring it into the mouth of the drinker is called pouring. Therefore, the book of songs "Xiaoya Dadong" said: "You can't scoop wine pulp." The Book of Songs says, "Pay attention to this." Zun is not only the proper name of wine vessel, but also the general name of ritual vessel. Ancient artifacts are called "Bao Zun Yi" or "Bao Zun". It is worth mentioning that when used as a generic term, Zun has two different uses: the first is "Zun has a generic term", that is, all ritual vessels can be called "Zun". The other is "the honorific name of a small common name", that is, the general name of pot and 30.
Pay attention to these things, or sometimes you will feel that the contents of the book can't be understood.
Jue is the floorboard of ancient drinking vessels. But as a proper name, Jue is used to warm wine. It has three feet and can light a fire under it. The drinking vessels commonly used in ancient times were wine bottles (gū) and wine bottles (Zhi ū), which were relatively light and small, so the ancients said "Yang". After the Warring States Period, there appeared an oval cup () with curved ears on both sides, which was later called ear cup, also called feather [13]. A cup can be used to drink water or hold soup. "Historical Records of Xiang Yu" said: "I will cook it, but fortunately there is one." The materials of cups are jade, silver, copper and lacquer, which were very popular in Han Dynasty.
Dish and yí are commonly used in ancient books, and they are both toilets used together. Like a spoon, it has a handle, a foot and a lid. In the Twenty-three Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong, it was recorded that Huaibo was the son of the Jin Dynasty, when he "bathed in water and washed his hands". In ancient times, there was a ritual of washing the face with water. When washing your hands with water, you should catch the water below, so Shuowen said it was "bearing". In ancient times, it was also used in diet. In the twenty-third year of Zuo Zhuan, it was mentioned in Xi Gong that "it was food feeding", and in the biographies of historical cartoons, it was also mentioned that "the cups and plates were in a mess", but it was not the so-called food in modern times. Modern plates appeared only after the development of porcelain.
Most of the tableware mentioned above is enjoyed by nobles, while the common people use pottery utensils such as bowls, pots and altars.
Since the song dynasty, people have thought that there are two kinds.
One is a large area, almost rectangular, shallow depth, no cover is enough. The water poured out is very narrow, but it can last for a long time. The other, with a slightly smaller area and deeper depth, is generally insufficient, but has a cow-shaped cover. The water flowing out is fierce and lasts for a short time.
By the time of the Republic of China, many scholars had suggested that the latter was not a kind of thing, but a kind of thing, and said that it was a daily utensil without a cover, while the thing was a ritual vessel with a cover.
The names of ancient ritual vessels were mostly decided by people in the Song Dynasty. However, there are two situations.
Such as bell, tripod, tripod, tripod, tripod, tripod, tripod, tripod, statue, pot, dish, etc. , are ancient vessels with their own names, named after the Song people belong to the first case. Such as Jue, Gui, Gui and Jiao. There is no clear record in the inscriptions of ancient vessels, but the names of Song people are determined according to the difference in size, which belongs to the second case.
/kloc-since the 20th century, a large number of underground cultural relics, represented by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, have been unearthed, which has provided great convenience for us to understand the three generations of ritual vessels. However, people are surprised to find that the names given by those Song people who did not have the opportunity to see these materials are still hard to say, which shows that the academic level at that time was generally high.
In addition, the ancient hat, robe, shoes and hats: the common sense of ancient culture in China, recommended reference:/article/2009-4-28/1406-1.html.