[Location] Meizhou is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, bordering Wuping, Shanghang, Yongding and Pinghe in Fujian Province in the northeast, Xunwu County in Jiangxi Province in the northwest, Longchuan and Zijin County in Heyuan City in Guangdong Province in the west, Luhe County in Shanwei City in the southwest and south, Rongcheng District and Jiexi County in Jieyang City in the southeast, and Chaoan County and Raoping County in Chaozhou City in the southeast. The geographical coordinates of the whole territory are located at 1 15 18' in east longitude and 1 16 56' in north latitude, covering Meijiang district, Meixian county, Jiaoling county, dapu county, Fengshun county and Wuli county. There are 159 townships, 4 sub-district offices, 2,082 village committees and 179 neighborhood committees in the city. The whole city covers an area of 1.58 million square kilometers with a population of 4,883,200.
The origin of Hakka capital
Hakka is a Han nationality group, mainly distributed in the central and southern provinces of Chinese mainland, especially in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. Nevertheless, they are "guests" and their ancestral home or birthplace is not in South China. Tracing back to the origin of Hakka people, the first thing is to check the genealogy, find the remains and distinguish the cultural customs.
Hakka people attach great importance to the compilation of genealogy, because it is necessary to "report the book first and prosper before Kunming." No matter how rough life is, how many times you migrate and how many times you drift from place to place, Hakka people will spread it orally or later generations will supplement it, keeping a record of the origin of this surname, which provides us with good information for exploring the origin of Hakka people.
In the genealogy of Hakka surnames, the ancestral home of this family is recorded in detail. According to the collected genealogical data, Hakkas originated from the Han nationality. As we know, the Han nationality originated from Huaxia nationality, which originated from Huangdi, Yan Di, Yi, Li, Hubei, Miao and Di nationalities. In the era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors at the end of primitive society, tribes of all ethnic groups repeatedly collided, merged, differentiated and re-merged, forming the Huaxia nationality with the Yellow Emperor as its ancestor, which was renamed the Han nationality after the Han Dynasty. Therefore, Hakka dialect also originated from tribes of various ethnic groups, but the Huangdi nationality is the most. Three Emperors and Five Emperors are the ancestors of Han and Hakka.
The ancestors of the Hakkas were divided into 765,438+0 waiting countries after killing and merging in the vast land of the Central Plains. Later, these waiting countries took the country name as their surname, or the ancestral name as their surname, and divided many surnames. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the surnames of China people had been basically determined and improved. "surname" has become the title of blood lineage; "Shi" is a branch derived from the same surname. In the genealogy of Hakka surnames, the origin of their surnames is clearly recorded.
Hakka genealogy is very complicated, and it is difficult to list them one by one. Generally speaking, the ancestors of all surnames originated in the Central Plains. This can be confirmed by the county names of Hakka surnames. The so-called surname county depends on the place. First, the surname is chosen by oneself; Second, it is recognized in history; Third, there are some places in the county that are not only prosperous places, but also the birthplace of this surname; Fourth, most counties were located in the Han, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and some were determined in the pre-Qin period.
Statistics show that Hakka ancestors originated or flourished in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, especially in the Yellow River Basin. The two rivers basin is the birthplace of the Chinese nation, and it is an indisputable fact that Hakkas originated here. Luo Xianglin, a master of Hakka studies, said: Hakka ancestors mostly belonged to the south of the Yellow River basin, the north of the Yangtze River basin, the west of the Huaihe River basin and the east of the Hanshui River basin, which is the so-called hometown of the Central Plains. Some scholars have even delineated the specific scope of Hakka's birthplace, that is, "it starts from the northern part of Bingzhou to the Supreme Party (now Changzhi County, Shanxi Province), borders on Hongnong in Sizhou (now Lingbao County, Henan Province) in the west, reaches Huainan in Yangzhou (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province) in the east and reaches Xincai in Yuzhou (now Xincai County, Henan Province) in the south. In the past, there was a traditional saying that Hakka people came from Guangshan and Gushi counties in Henan Province.
Family ancestors are multi-ethnic. During the five great migrations in the past 1000 years, they finally formed a new clan. They can't just come from one or two counties or a small old land, but they are integrated with the later system integrity and cultural customs. They must have originated from an area with deep cultural roots. The size of the group also shows that the region is relatively vast and cultural events tend to merge. This cultural phenomenon in the Central Plains can be proved by the language used by Hakkas and the cultural customs preserved today.
At present, it is generally believed that there is a great difference between modern Hakkas and other tribes of Han nationality, that is, their unique Hakka dialect. In fact, according to the research of linguists, Hakka dialect is the closest to the ancient phonology of the Central Plains, and some ancient phonology preserved by it is not found in other dialects. Yang Gongheng, a native of Jiaying Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty, said in the article "A Textual Research on the Origin of Hakka Dialect in the Central Plains": "... the language is particularly well integrated with the phonology of the Central Plains, and the test is particularly well integrated with the pronunciation of Hakka Dialect and ancient Chinese. The word' Tang arrest' was originally written in Chinese. In order to speak (Hakka women and children are most used to speaking this accent, foreigners often laugh. If' Tang Capture' is said by someone unique to the guests, I don't know that this Hakka dialect is the oldest and most elegant, and outsiders can't understand it, but the guests can save Chinese. " In addition, there are seven dialects in the text and Zhou Zhi in Jia Ying, and three dialects outside the ridge in Zhang Binglin's New Dialect, Huang Jie's Signs of Grottoes, Luo Aiqi's Hakka Dialect and Lin Zhuquan's Hakka Dialect, all of which prove the origin of Hakka dialect and the ancient dialect in the Central Plains. Their writings make it clear that Hakka dialect comes from ancient Chinese, and at the same time prove that Hakka people come from the Central Plains.