Yunnan, referred to as "Yun" or "Dian" for short, is located in the southwest border of China, and the Tropic of Cancer runs through the south. The total area is 394,000 square kilometers, accounting for 4. 1% of the national total area. It borders Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Guizhou Province in the east, Jinsha River in the north, Sichuan Province and Xizang Autonomous Region across the river in the northwest corner, Myanmar in the west, Laos and Vietnam in the south and southeast, with a total length of 4,060 kilometers.

natural conditions

Bahai

Yunnan province is high in the north and low in the south, with great differences in altitude. The altitude in the south is generally1500-2,200m, and that in the north is 3000-4000m. The highest point in the province-the Kage peak of Meili Snow Mountain is 6740 meters above sea level, and the eastern part is the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, with gradually gentle terrain, with an altitude of 76.4 meters. ..

natural resource

Yunnan is rich in natural resources and is known as the "plant kingdom", "animal kingdom", "non-ferrous metal kingdom" and "hometown of medicinal materials". Plants: Yunnan is the province with the largest variety of plants in China, including not only tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold temperate plants, but also many ancient, derived, endemic and exotic plants. Among the nearly 30,000 species of higher plants in China, there are 1.8 million species in Yunnan, accounting for more than half of the country.

Mineral production

At present, more than 50 kinds of available minerals/kloc-0 have been discovered, accounting for 93% of the discovered minerals in China, of which the potential value of reserves can reach 3 trillion yuan, of which 40% are fuel minerals, 7.3% are metal minerals and 52.7% are non-metal minerals. There are 86 kinds of minerals with proven reserves and 2700 mineral deposits. Among the minerals with reserves, 13% ranks among the top in China, and 2/3 of them occupy an important position in the Yangtze River basin and the southern region. Among them, the minerals that rank first in China are zinc, lead, tin, cadmium, indium, thallium and crocidolite.

water resource

Yunnan province is abundant in rainfall, with many rivers and lakes, with an annual flow of 200 billion cubic meters, equivalent to three times that of the Yellow River. The transit water volume1.600 million cubic meters, both of which exceed 1.0 cubic meters per capita, which is four times the national average. Abundant water resources have formed abundant hydropower resources and become the biggest energy advantage.

tourist resources

Yunnan's rich and colorful tourism resources, pleasant climate, poetic natural scenery and colorful folk customs constitute a beautiful and moving picture.

Population and nationality

lustrum

By the end of 1998, the total population of the province was 41440,000.

population rate of increase

By the end of 1998, the natural population growth rate of the whole province was 12. 10‰.

average life span

1995, the average life expectancy in the province was 65. 1 year for men and 67.7 years for women.

Ethnic distribution and population proportion

Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China, with 25 of the 56 ethnic groups in China. The total population of Yunnan is 4144000, and ethnic minorities account for 38.07%, including Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Miao, Wa, Hui, Lahu, Naxi, Yao, Tibetan, Jingpo, Bulang, Pumi and Nu. The population distribution of ethnic minorities in Yunnan is diverse: some ethnic groups have certain settlements and are scattered among other ethnic groups; Some ethnic groups are highly concentrated in a place, a state or even a county or a township; Some ethnic groups are scattered in towns and traffic lines and live in villages; Others are scattered in towns. There are 25 ethnic groups with more than 5000 people, and there are some inhabited areas. There are Hui, Manchu, Bai, Naxi, Mongolian, Zhuang, Dai, Achang, Buyi and Shui nationalities 10, with a population of about 4.5 million. There are eight ethnic groups, including Hani, Yao, Lahu, Wa, Jingpo, Bulang, De 'ang and Jinuo, and some Yi people, mainly living in the semi-mountainous areas with a population of about 5 million. There are six ethnic groups, including Miao, Miao, Tibetan, Pumi, Nu and Dulong, and some Yi people, mainly living in mountainous areas with a population of about 4 million. There is no single ethnic county in the province, and Hui and Yi nationalities are distributed in most counties in the province.

level of education

1998, the population with college education or above in the whole province is 4 19800; The population with high school (including technical secondary school) education is 2 10.87 million; The population with junior high school education is 8.304 million, the population with primary school education is18.2485 million, and the illiterate and semi-illiterate population of the whole province 15 years old is 8.2535 million.

traffic

railway

The South (Ning)-Kunming (Ming) Railway, with a total length of 886 kilometers, is a sea passage connecting Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. The length of the line in Yunnan is 306 kilometers, which is a national first-class trunk line and has been electrified once. Guang (Tong) Da (Li) Railway, with a total length of 213km, is a national secondary trunk line. Kunyu Railway, with a total length of 56.3 kilometers from Kunyang to Yuxi South, is a local railway in Yunnan Province built by self-financing in Yuxi area.

Lugong

The national second-class high-grade highway is 958 kilometers, the third-class highway is 757 1 kilometer, and the fourth-class highway is 52248 kilometers. The highways in Yunnan Province have basically formed a highway transportation network with Kunming as the center (hub), radiating the whole province and connecting with highways in neighboring countries such as Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Tibet, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand.

Shuilu road

1995, the total investment of inland river shipping construction in the whole province was 1.7 1 100 million yuan, 807 kilometers of rough barge waterway was added, and 2 wharves with annual throughput of 300,000-400,000 tons and 4 wharves with throughput of/kloc-0,000 tons were built, resulting in 2 million tons of freight and 2 million passengers.

aviation

Domestic routes from Kunming to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Haikou, Shantou, Chongqing, Shenyang, Harbin, Wuhan, Xi 'an, Lanzhou, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Nanning, Shenzhen, Guiyang, Changsha and Guilin 19. Three routes from Kunming to Jinghong, mangshi and Simaofei; There are four routes leading to foreign countries and regions: Bangkok, Yangon, Vientiane and Hong Kong. Kunming Wujiaba Airport is a national first-class airport. Xishuangbanna, mangshi and Simao airports are national second-class airports.

In Yunnan, the ancients used "colorful Yunnan today" to refer to this mysterious Yunling Plateau. "Different nationalities in one mountain, different days in ten miles", there are 26 nationalities who are constantly striving for self-improvement on this red soil plateau, showing different social and cultural forms due to different natural environments.

Yunnan is a living history museum with rich and colorful customs of various ethnic groups. Every nation's clothing, food, shelter, transportation, marriage, funeral, health, festival, ceremony, language, writing, totem, religion, taboo and aesthetics are written into a distinct cultural chain; Dongba culture of Naxi nationality, Bai culture of Dali, Beiye culture of Dai nationality and Ma Bei culture of Yi nationality are unique, profound and far-reaching ... myths, epics, songs and dances, paintings, operas and ancient music.

Yunnan is the province with the largest number of ethnic minorities in China. There are 56 nationalities in China. Besides the Han nationality, there are 25 ethnic groups with a population of over 4,000. These ethnic groups are Yi, Bai, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Miao, Yi, Hui, Lahu, Wa, Naxi and Yao. The population of ethnic minorities in the province accounts for nearly 1/3 of the total population. As early as the clan society, there were three major ethnic groups living in Yunnan: Qiang, Pu and Yue. They were the earliest ancestors in Yunnan, and they were always called "Southwest Yi" in Qin and Han Dynasties. After several generations of continuous migration, differentiation, evolution and integration, it was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that the distribution and characteristics of all ethnic groups tended to be stable. Yi people are mainly distributed in northeastern Yunnan, central Yunnan and northern Yunnan. Bai people are mainly distributed in Erhai Lake and its vicinity. Zhuang and Miao nationalities are mainly distributed in the east and southeast of Yunnan. Yi, Nu, Dulong, Hani, Dai, Lahu, Wa, Jingpo, Bulang, Naxi, Tibetan, Achang and De 'ang are mainly distributed in western Yunnan, southern Yunnan and northwestern Yunnan. In addition, the three-dimensional distribution of people living in various ethnic groups is also obvious. Bai, Zhuang, Hui and Naxi nationalities live in Pingba. Dai and Chang live in a low-heat valley; Yi, Hani, Lahu, Wa, Jingpo, Bulang, Yao and De 'ang nationalities live in Zhongshan District. Miao people mostly live in alpine mountainous areas; Tibet and pumi live in the northwest plateau of Yunnan; You, Nu and Dulong are distributed in the mountainous areas on both sides of Nujiang River and Dulong River.

Beautiful and rich Yunnan is a treasure in the southwest frontier of the motherland. it

Vast land, magnificent mountains and rivers, rich resources. It is an important birthplace of mankind.

First, it has a long history and an ancient civilization. Yunnan, meaning "Yunling"

South Yunnan, also known as "Yunnan", has splendid culture and numerous places of interest.

Different nationalities, different customs, different three-dimensional climate and different world civilizations.

Rare birds and animals, exotic flowers and plants, underground treasures, rich products and access to India,

The geographical advantages of Southeast Asian countries endow it with rich and mysterious charm.

Known as "the king of non-ferrous metals in animal kingdom, plant kingdom"

Besides China, Yunnan also has "hometown of spices", "natural garden" and "hometown of medicinal materials".

Known as the "treasure house".

Yunnan nationality

As early as the clan society, there were three ethnic groups living in Yunnan: Qiang, Pu and Yue. They are the earliest ancestors in Yunnan, and the summer of Qin and Han dynasties has always been called "Southwest Yi". After several generations of continuous migration, differentiation, evolution and integration, the distribution and characteristics of various ethnic groups tended to be stable in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Now there are more than 4,000 people in Yunnan besides the Han nationality.

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The first monster in Yunnan, eggs are bought with straw skewers.

Eggs are not easily broken in such packaging, just like a strange work of art.

The second monster in Yunnan, Baba cake is called bait block.

Tamp it and bake it. The sauce is especially fragrant. This convenient and delicious food is called bait block.

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Yunnan's third monster, three mosquitoes cooking.

In the grass ditch in the forest, the branches and leaves are lush and the mosquitoes raised are extraordinary.

The fourth monster in Yunnan, stones grow outside the sky.

The scenery of Shilin is unique in the world, and its uncanny workmanship is incredible.

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tool

The fifth monster in Yunnan took off his straw hat as a pot cover.

The hat made of grass is not only tightly covered, but also makes the food smell fragrant.

The sixth weirdo in Yunnan wears clothes all the year round.

The constant temperature climate all the year round makes people's clothes colorful.

18 Yunnan monster

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The seventh monster in Yunnan, many old ladies are good at farming.

The steep plateau has created hardworking and brave people of all ethnic groups, among which women are particularly capable.

The eighth monster in Yunnan, the bamboo tube can be used as a hookah.

This technique is quite scientific, which not only retains the mellow flavor of dry cigarettes, but also filters other impurities with water, and the sound is very pleasant, "bang, bang".

18 Yunnan monster

The ninth monster in Yunnan, Pocket Pony has skill.

Animals born and raised here are small, but they can carry and climb mountains with extraordinary skills.

The tenth weirdo in Yunnan, grasshoppers can be snacks.

Cook the grasshopper delicious, fry it brown, and open your mouth and take a bite: "click-".

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Eleven eccentrics in Yunnan produce good melons and vegetables all year round.

Fertile land and mild climate can produce almost any vegetable at any time.

The twelve monsters in Yunnan can't sell good cigarettes when they see them. Yunnan people are proud of their first-class cigarettes, but they are also confused about not being able to buy them at home.

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Thirteen monsters in Yunnan, thatched grass sells well at home and abroad.

Everything in the mountains is a treasure, and reform and opening up have given them new life.

Yunnan 14 Strange, the train is not as fast as the car.

High mountains and dangerous roads often make modern means of transportation difficult to use.

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Yunnan fifteen monsters, dolls go out with men.

It is fashionable for men here to love their wives and children, and "model husbands and excellent fathers" are everywhere in the street.

Sixteen monsters in Yunnan, caves can be compared with fairyland.

The caves developed in recent years are bigger and more beautiful.

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Seventeen eccentrics in Yunnan, crossing the bridge rice noodles is loved by everyone.

Boiling chicken soup with raw meat, lettuce and rice paste constitutes the most famous flavor in Yunnan: a kind of "thread" and "crossing the bridge rice noodles".

The eighteen eccentrics in Yunnan are unbeaten in four seasons.

Ah, beautiful Yunnan, the frontier of the motherland, flowers that bloom forever to welcome a better tomorrow!

The last piece of pure land in Yunnan is doomed.

China Youth Daily reported that Xiagei Hot Spring in Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province is a typical geological landscape formed by hot springs in modern times, which has great ornamental and scientific research value, especially the jet (hot air) cave in the scenic spot. However, in the process of tourism development, developers tried to turn the spray hole into a "sauna" place without knowing the geological structure and laws of the spray hole, which seriously damaged the rare tourism geological landscape. Another underground spring in this county, Tianshengqiao Caiquan, lost the natural conditions for the reappearance of Caiquan because of modern decoration. Some environmental experts are worried about this. Now, the last piece of pure land we have is becoming a boutique for tourism and leisure. All lifestyles and cultural forms different from the mainstream should serve the needs of tourism. I wonder what our nature will leave to future generations in the hands of hungry developers. To be polite, all kinds of developers are both builders and destroyers, but they can't and can't take all the profits, whether it's destroying profits or building profits.

Eupatorium adenophorum, which originated in Central America, invaded Yunnan in 1980s, and quickly spread northward, invading agricultural vegetation and encroaching on grassland and logging land. ...

"Biological invasion" triggered an ecological crisis, prompting people to analyze unpredictable nature more deeply.

Sometimes green is not necessarily a good thing.

Ping He, an engineer from the Animal Husbandry Bureau of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, was really angry and helpless when he talked about Eupatorium adenophorum, which was everywhere. The green disaster caused by this grass to the local animal husbandry and ecological environment is even more terrible than the flood and drought disaster.

Eupatorium adenophorum was first discovered in Liangshan prefecture 1 1 years ago. Ping He recalled: "overnight, this poisonous weed suddenly appeared, along winding mountain roads, on hillsides, roofs, ditches, grasslands, farmland ... now they are everywhere."

At first, people didn't notice this strange weed that entered Liangshan area of Sichuan from far away Southeast Asia via Yunnan. Its thick and fluffy green leaves grow rapidly like dandelion flowers. Green, wouldn't it be better to have one more? But people did not expect that it was this beautiful name that brought much trouble to the local people. Because it ignored its invasion at first, in a few years, it has spread all over the mountains and plains, just like thousands of troops swept across the Shan Ye grassland in more than a dozen counties in the whole state. Wherever it went, the original plants were "squeezed away", and all the grass that cattle and sheep liked to eat disappeared, except Eupatorium adenophorum. When people found that sheep ate this grass and soon lost their hair, became sick, and the ewes became infertile and died one after another, it was too late to eradicate it.

At that time, Yunnan Province had also realized the harm of Eupatorium adenophorum, and spent more than 800,000 yuan every year to eliminate Eupatorium adenophorum, but it grew wildly and was helpless.

Eupatorium adenophorum (known locally as Eupatorium odoratum) reduced the production of more than 60,000 sheep in Liangshan Prefecture in 1996, and the loss of animal husbandry was more than 21000,000 yuan. Five years after the discovery of Eupatorium adenophorum in Yanyuan County, 152 13 sheep died. The Yi people who are still in extreme poverty are reluctant to hand over their cattle and sheep. Every family, old and young, came out to pull weeds and left them on the road to die. But people who pull weeds will have headaches and dizziness, and some are poisoned. But people are still reluctant to use pesticides, because pesticides may kill poisonous weeds, but they will hurt cattle and sheep.

In order to come up with the eradication plan, experts from Sichuan Grassland Station and Liangshan Animal Husbandry Bureau visited Yunnan, collected more than 30,000 words of data, and investigated the 430,000 mu grassland occupied by Eupatorium adenophorum in 120 towns and villages in the whole state. It was found that the crown hair of Eupatorium adenophorum fluttered with the wind and brought grass seeds into Liangshan along railways, highways and rivers. People's soles, clothes, wheels and rivers may carry the seeds of Eupatorium adenophorum. The total weight of this grass seed is less than 0.45 g, which is almost invisible to the naked eye. A clump of Eupatorium adenophorum contains 700,000 mature seeds. It can also reproduce asexually. It has strong adaptability to the environment and can grow in arid and barren slopes, walls, rock ridges and cracks. Ping He said that once a meadow has Eupatorium adenophorum, sunlight, water and fertilizer will all belong to it, and no grass can compete with it. When it entered the banana forest, the banana trees were all short 1 m, and when it entered the pepper forest, mulberry forest, pepper and cocoon, the yield was reduced by 8% that year.

In less than 10 years, this alien species covered Liangshan prefecture 15 counties, and only two counties with an altitude of more than 2500 meters were not harmed.

1997, the state government issued a special document to eliminate Eupatorium adenophorum and mobilize the cadres and masses in Quanzhou to "fight a people's war". Slogans are written and materials are distributed all over the state. Rural radio stations and state television stations, institutions and schools are talking about the harm of Eupatorium adenophorum, and all counties submit prevention and control plans. Every winter and spring, before Eupatorium adenophorum blooms, cadres and masses from all over the state go into battle to dig it out and burn it. People have come up with various weeding schemes: replacing them with artificial vegetation; Establish isolation belt to prevent its spread; Introducing Eupatorium adenophorum flies from Tibet; Planting fast-growing eucalyptus trees in disaster areas to curb the growth of poisonous weeds; Find its available value and promote its elimination. But in recent years, the results of weeding are almost invisible. Instead, the person who pulled it out fainted. When it is used as a gasket, the feet of cattle are inflamed and festered, and when it is used as fertilizer, the soil is chronically poisoned. The worst thing is that the grass grows faster and faster.

Now Eupatorium adenophorum is still advancing northward at a speed of 30 kilometers per year.

Liangshan Prefecture set itself the goal of "green mutton sheep base" in the "western development" plan, but now it has suffered the most serious ecological disaster in history.

"We will eventually come up with a solution," the animal husbandry experts still have confidence. However, the lack of research funds at present makes the grass control work stagnate.

Experts from the Chinese Academy of Sciences said that Eupatorium adenophorum is the most typical example of serious ecological crisis caused by alien species invasion. For these pests, if we have the knowledge and awareness of prevention and get rid of them when they first appear, things will not be so difficult. At present, similar problems exist in all parts of China. In the process of returning farmland to forest and grassland, returning farmland to lakes and restoring vegetation, it is even more necessary to popularize relevant knowledge, nip in the bud, choose native plants and fish suitable for the local environment, avoid single species planting and breeding, and effectively protect the local ecological environment.