"The influence of China's historical geographical environment on Chinese culture"
Geographical environmental factors have an important influence on the evolution of human civilization. {1} First of all, our Chinese civilization belongs to the great river civilization. This kind of civilization is different from the Greek maritime civilization (which focused on foreign trade and emphasized democracy and fairness). The river civilization was good at farming (the practicality of farming also made ancient Chinese science obviously practical). In order to prevent natural disasters ( my country's unique monsoon climate leads to frequent droughts and floods, and the complex and diverse terrain leads to frequent geological disasters), which requires strengthening centralization and pooling the country's material resources to resist disasters (this obvious collectivism is also different from the strong individual heroism in the West). {2} The long-term confrontation between farmers and pastoral civilizations is also an important force in promoting the advancement of Chinese civilization. Farming civilization needs to continuously strengthen the small farmer economy to cope with the impact of northern nomads.
{3} Facing the largest ocean in the world, backed by the largest continent. Faced with the choice between sea power and land power, in ancient times, land transportation was famous and there was no maritime trouble for a long time (compared to the feudal society of more than 2,000 years).
However, the current reality is that except for the Bohai Sea, all territorial waters of our country have disputes with foreign countries. Our country's dependence on foreign energy continues to deepen, and the continuous development of foreign trade requires a strong navy.
The United States attempts to use its island chain to suppress China's rise. All this shows that my country's coastal defense is severe and the traditional land power thinking needs to be changed urgently.
China is a country known as "a country founded on agriculture." From the New Era until the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties, rulers attached great importance to the development of agriculture. The reasons for this include geography and climate. The environment is an extremely important factor. This determines to a large extent that ancient Chinese culture is a typical agricultural social culture, and thus brings about a series of basic characteristics of Chinese culture that are different from nomadic culture and commercial culture.
In terms of the overall geographical environment, human beings can be roughly divided into continental peoples and oceanic peoples according to the differences in their geographical environments. In a typical maritime nation-state, people live in a relatively small space. Taking advantage of the convenience of ocean water transportation, commerce is often relatively developed and personnel exchanges and movements are convenient.
And because the mainland has limited space for activities and little room for maneuver, there is an incentive to expand outward. The pattern of China's overall geographical environment is exactly opposite to that of the maritime peoples.
China has an extremely vast territory, with vast internal plains, especially the adjacent plains of the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins. There are no obvious natural barriers to analyze, so it is politically, economically, culturally and militarily difficult. It is easier to unify than the oceanic islands, so in history, when powerful nomads invaded the south, even if China lost the Yellow River Basin that bore the brunt, it still had a vast retreat route for them to maneuver around. Other ancient civilization areas fell to the invasion of foreign tribes and failed to recover. China alone has been able to exert a subtle influence on the border people, always maintaining the unique style and complete system of its own culture, and making it endless.
China has a geographical environment that is relatively easy to isolate. It faces the sea to the east, stretches across the vast desert to the northwest, and has the world's largest Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the southwest, with an average altitude of four or five thousand meters.
These are geographically isolated zones, giving agricultural peoples restrictions that they cannot break through. This kind of environment, facing the sea on one side, with extremely inconvenient land transportation on the other three sides, and with quite open room for maneuver inside, has formed a state of semi-isolation from the outside world. This has made China have no ambition to expand externally, and has developed the habit of operating alone. Peaceful and docile national character.
Therefore, Chinese culture is generally brewed and grown locally. Although occasionally foreign cultural elements are introduced from the Western Regions or the sea, they can be tolerated and tolerated, making the development of Chinese culture stable and confident. China's climate also affects the direction of civilization expansion.
Ancient Babylonian, Egyptian, Roman, Indian and other civilizations all originated from warm temperate zones and gradually developed into colder zones. On the contrary, in China, due to the influence of monsoon climate, the rainfall in our country decreases from southeast to northwest, while the terrain changes from It gradually increases from southeast to northwest, and most rivers flow into the sea from west to east or north to south. This natural condition often determines the abundance of harvests. Coupled with the warm temperatures in the south and cold temperatures in the north, the growing season of crops is long in the south and short in the north. These conditions attracted farmers to colonize, so there was a trend of population moving southward and culture moving southward. China is the most populous country in the world. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, it had a population of 60 million, but its cultivated land area was far from insufficient.
Coupled with the land annexation by the feudal landlord class, this forced farmers to cultivate intensively on the small land they were allocated and make the most efficient use of the land. Under the conditions of very backward productivity, although they were busy and hardworking, they could only make ends meet. This developed a national character of settling down and relocating, being happy to know their destiny, and keeping their peace.
For them, land is life. Leaving or losing land means poverty and death. This economic dependence on land is reflected in the national psychology as infinite attachment to the hometown and deep feelings for the motherland.
This cultural characteristic forms the greatest cohesion of the Chinese nation.
What is the role and impact of geographical environment on Chinese culture
1. Impact on the formation and continuation of Chinese culture 1. Due to better conditions such as land, temperature, rain, etc., agricultural society was formed earlier, which made culture Developed earlier and faster. 2. Although there are conflicts and integrations between nomadic culture and agricultural culture, because the agricultural population always occupies the numerical majority and cultural advantage, agricultural culture always dominates. 3. Due to the territory It is vast and spans large latitudes, so changes in the local natural environment cannot affect the overall agricultural production, giving a solid material foundation for the continuation of culture. 4. Due to the protection of surrounding geographical barriers, culture can develop independently and continue for a long time. . 2. Impact on China’s cultural diversity 1. Due to the complex topography and diverse geographical features, the culture is diverse. 2. There are differences between nomadic culture and agricultural culture. Agricultural culture also includes Central Plains culture, Wuyue culture, Chu culture, and Bashu culture. Culture and other differences. 3. Various cultural regions have different economic forms, lifestyles, and ideological forms, and the degree of acceptance of external influence is also different. 3. The impact on openness and closure 1. The relatively closed environment makes Chinese culture unique Complete the period of civilization emergence (compared with other civilizations). 2. Form China’s unique ideograms, literature and art, philosophy, way of thinking, and social structure, which are self-contained and very different from the West. 3. Make Chinese culture without gaps , maintain distinctive national characteristics, and have the continuity of progression and succession. 4. Long-term isolation and high level of cultural development have resulted in a sense of self-centeredness. Extended information The geographical environment around China is relatively closed, maritime exchanges are limited, and No external force can challenge Chinese culture.
Although some nomadic peoples, such as the Mongols and Manchus, were conquerors militarily, they were conquered culturally. *** culture, Indian culture has not been able to have a profound impact on Chinese civilization due to geographical barriers.
In turn, due to geographical reasons, China has also failed to expand its cultural influence to the whole world. Many people believe that ancient Chinese culture was the world's leader. Chinese civilization has led the world for thousands of years, but it has only started to fall behind in modern times. Many people also like to compare the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire at the same time.
In fact, such a view is untenable, and such comparisons are meaningless. The reason is that the exchanges between ancient China and other civilizations in the world were very limited, and there were few direct interactions between them. collision, so it is difficult to compare the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty. In addition, a culture must adapt to the corresponding geographical environment.
Since ancient times, the nomads in the north have had frequent exchanges with the Chinese people in all aspects. The nomads have also absorbed a lot of the advanced culture of the Chinese people. However, the impact of the Central Plains on the grasslands has never been as great as that of Japan and Korea. The reason is that the Central Plains, Japan, and Korea all have agricultural cultures, and it is easier to communicate and influence each other. The grasslands have a nomadic culture, so it is impossible to fully absorb the traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and it is only a partial reference. After the Industrial Revolution in the late Ming Dynasty, Europe began to become stronger and gradually strengthened the cultural influence and penetration of China. However, due to the profound heritage of Chinese civilization, such influence was always very limited. The defense line was finally penetrated after the Opium War.
Although, as mentioned before, Chinese civilization is less affected by the outside world due to geographical reasons, this does not mean that Chinese culture is closed. In the process of development, Chinese culture has absorbed many things from other civilizations, but these things have all been Chineseized.
For example, the current stool was introduced from the nomadic people and was called "Hu Bed" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. References: Baidu Encyclopedia - Chinese Culture. The impact of China's natural environment on Chinese history and culture
1. Magnificent geographical environment and broad development foundation China: Yellow River Basin, 700-800,000 East Asian continent: Yunnan Yuanmou, Shaanxi Lantian, Beijing Zhoukoudian Yangtze River Basin Liaohe River Nine states in the basin: Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou, Yuzhou ("Shang Shu Yu Gong") 2. Complete climate types, complex topography and large river basins have laid the foundation for the diversity of traditional Chinese culture The geographical basis of development; North of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River: dryland crop areas such as wheat and millet; South of the Qinhuai River: paddy field crop areas; East: mainly farming areas; West: mainly livestock areas 3. The complex geographical form is the diversification of Chinese culture Provides spatial conditions (1) Distinctive regional cultures: Sanjin culture, Bashu culture, Chu culture, Wuyue culture, etc.
(2) Unity and diversity coexist A. Philosophy, thought and culture coexisted in diversity to the point where one yuan dominated the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the early Western Han Dynasty----Dong Zhongshu----Modern Kang Youwei Neo-Confucianism: Lian Xue ( Zhou Dunyi) Luoxue (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi) Guanxue (Zhang Zai) Minxue (Zhu Xi) B Literature: Song Dynasty - Jiangxi School of Poetry (Huang Tingjian) Yongjia School of Poetry (Xu Zhao, Zhao Shixiu, etc.) Ming Dynasty - Chaling School (Li Dongyang) ) Gong'an School (Yuan Hongdao, Zongdao, Zhongdao, etc.) Jingling School (Zhong Xing, Tan Yuanchun, etc.) Qing Dynasty---Western Zhejiang Ci School (Zhu Yizun) Tongcheng School (Fang Bao, Yao Nai, etc.) Yanghu School ( Yun Jing, etc.) C Academics (taking the Qing Dynasty as an example): Wu School (Hui Dong) Wan School (Dai Zhen) Eastern Zhejiang School (Huang Zongxi-Zhang Xuecheng) D Art (taking Ming and Qing paintings as an example): Wu School (Wen Zhengming , Shen Zhou) Changzhou School (Yun Ge) Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou (Zheng Banqiao, etc.) E Language: Seven major dialect areas Northern language area (Mandarin area): the area north of the Yangtze River and the south bank of the Yangtze River along the coast from Jiujiang to Zhenjiang, as well as Hubei, Sichuan, and Yunnan , Guizhou, etc.; Wu dialect area: southern Jiangsu, most of Zhejiang, Gan dialect area: Jiangxi Province, Xiang dialect area: Hunan, northern Guangxi, Cantonese dialect area: parts of Guangdong, southeastern Guangxi Hakka dialect area: eastern and northern Guangdong, western Fujian , southern Jiangxi; Min dialect areas (southern and northern Fujian): Fujian, Taiwan, Hainan and Chaoshan. 3) The vast territory provides a deep hinterland for the transfer of the center of Chinese culture: Anyang - Xi'an and its surrounding areas - Luoyang - Kaifeng - Nanjing - Hangzhou - Beijing. What are the functions and influences of geographical environment on Chinese culture?
What are the functions and influences of geographical environment on Chinese culture?
1.
Geographical environment mainly refers to " "The surface of the earth on which living things, especially humans, depend for survival and development" is divided into three aspects: natural environment, economic environment and social and cultural environment.
2
The geographical environment is mainly the natural environment. With the development of human productivity, it is becoming increasingly difficult to strictly distinguish between the natural environment, the economic environment, and the social and cultural environment.
3
The geographical environment is the material basis for human survival and development, and it is also the basis of human consciousness or spirit.
4
The role of geographical environment on human beings and human society has four aspects: First, it provides materials for human production, survival, development, extinction or departure from this environment. The second is to determine all living things in this environment and their activities, and to determine the process of their emergence, development and even death. Third, all matter in this environment and the energy generated by matter can neither increase nor decrease, but can only be transformed or transferred in various forms. Fourth, all human activities must conform to the inherent laws of this environment.
5
Although the conditions provided by the geographical environment to human beings are limited, as long as human activities do not exceed this limit, they can have relatively unlimited room for activities. Because first, it does not stipulate the specific process, method and time of human beings from birth to death; second, it does not determine the specific process, method and time of the transformation and transfer of matter and energy; third, as long as human beings do not violate its internal regulations, , you can completely use this environment according to your own needs to achieve material transformation and energy transfer that is beneficial to you.
6. The same geographical environment plays different roles under different production methods or productivity conditions.
7
The impact of geographical environment on Chinese culture is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the impact on the formation and continuation of Chinese culture; second, the impact on the diversity of Chinese culture , the degree of Confucianization is different in different regions; the third is the impact on the degree of openness of Chinese culture.
8. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the most suitable areas for people to survive and reproduce in Chinese history.
9
The traditional culture that dominates China, both material and spiritual, is based on agricultural production and was formed in agricultural areas. , also spread with the expansion of agricultural areas. Agricultural civilization played a great role in the continuity of Chinese culture.
10. The impact of geographical environment on China’s cultural diversity is mainly reflected in the impact of geographical obstacles on human activities, especially transportation. Different geographical environments and material conditions have formed different lifestyles and ideas of different groups of people, and have been affected by foreign cultures to varying degrees.
11. Geographical barriers have a great impact on the spread of culture, and also make different regions in China suffer from foreign cultural influences and degrees of influence.
12. The impact of geographical environment on openness and closure is relative. First, there is no absolutely open or closed geographical environment; secondly, the degree of influence is different under different productivity conditions; thirdly The natural geographical environment is not the only condition that determines whether to open up, and the ocean is not the only way to open up
13. China has indeed lacked the motivation to open up for a long time in history, but in a sense, the fundamental reason It's not a geographical barrier, but China's geographical conditions are too superior.
Give an example of the role and influence of geographical environment on Chinese culture, more than 400 words
The first thing geographical environment affects is the geology, landforms, climate and other natural environmental factors of a place. Different environmental factors lead to different relationships between people and the environment.
Human beings are animals in the environment, and they can actively change their living conditions and eating habits according to the surrounding environmental conditions.
The difference in environment, together with people's eating habits, changes people's way of thinking and their understanding of the universe, the world, life, etc.
To put it bluntly, culture is actually human culture.
The wonderful differences between the north and south and the east and west of Chinese culture were developed step by step under different natural environmental conditions and people's eating habits.
People living on the grasslands have lived a nomadic life since childhood, and they are always feeling the vastness of the grasslands, so the cultural industries they create are all informal, such as the Datong Stone Carvings; the reason for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is Located in a shouting area, people have worshiped gods since ancient times, so they have a deep belief culture; in the Jiangnan area, it is believed that the inland river network is closed, with many low hills and hills, and only a strip of water, so the clear water is harmonious, and the culture displayed is like The gardens in the Jiangnan water towns are as soft and delicate as they are small and pleasant.
The soil and water on one side support the people on the other side, and the people on the other side are obsessed with this land and water with full feelings. Talk about the impact of ancient China’s historical and geographical environment on its culture
China’s historical and geographical environment and its impact on culture
Section 1 The geographical environment and its impact on humans and human society Impact
1. Geographical environment
(Page 15, 24)
The geographical environment we refer to refers to the survival and survival of living things, especially humans. Developing Earth's Surface. The geographical environment includes two aspects: natural geographical environment and human geographical environment (also divided into economic geographical environment and social and cultural environment).
The natural geographical environment refers to topography, landforms, climate, hydrology, vegetation, sea and land distribution, etc. Generally speaking, the speed of development and change is relatively slow and it is often difficult for people to detect it. But at certain stages and in certain local areas, its changes may occur very rapidly and violently, causing huge impacts. Such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, etc.
The human geographical environment refers to the territory, political regions, ethnic groups, population, cities, transportation, agriculture, animal husbandry, etc. The speed of development and change is much faster than the speed of development and change of physical geographical factors. .
Each of these two environments has its own specific content, but they are interconnected and interact with each other and cannot be completely separated.
Before the emergence of humans, the geographical environment already existed, but at that time there was only the natural environment. After the emergence of humans, a completely pure natural environment no longer exists, because human activities will always change the natural environment to a greater or lesser extent. But in the long early days of mankind, people's impact on nature was extremely limited. Therefore, the main geographical environment should be the natural environment. Especially when we study the impact of geographical environment on human culture, we mainly discuss the natural geographical environment. With the development of human productivity, the human geographical environment has gradually taken shape and is becoming more and more effective. In modern times, it has become even more difficult to strictly distinguish between the two.
2. The impact of geographical environment on humans and human society
(P25)
Geographical environment is the material basis for human survival and development, and of course it is also The basis of human consciousness or spirit. It is of great significance to the emergence and direction of human culture. The impact of geographical environment on humans or human society is a relatively complex issue that cannot simply be reduced to decision or non-decision, but should be comprehensively understood.
Generally speaking, the geographical environment plays a decisive role in human beings and human society. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. It provides a material basis for human production, survival, development, demise or departure from this environment. Human beings are products of nature, and their survival depends on the natural environment. All human activities are carried out in this specific natural environment. Any historical stage of human beings, especially the ancient stage, is inseparable from this specific geography. Environment;
2. It determines that all living things and their activities (including humans and their activities) in this natural environment will inevitably have a process of emergence, development and even death. Such as the extinction of many biological species; topics about the demise of human beings: the threat of nuclear weapons, the origin of early human civilization such as the pyramids, and the Buddhist view of tribulation.
3. All matter in this environment and the energy produced by matter. It can neither increase nor decrease, it can only be transformed or transmitted in various forms, unless it is affected by factors outside this environment (such as other planets), or leaves this environment.
4. All human activities must comply with the inherent laws of this environment. Only under this premise can human beings be able to better utilize and develop this environment and transform it in a direction conducive to human development.
In terms of specific geographical environment, within a specific time and space, and for specific people and objects, the geographical environment generally only plays a role in accelerating or delaying, rather than playing a decisive role. As long as the development and utilization of the geographical environment is far from reaching its limits, human development will have relatively broad freedom.
The natural ecological environment is the carrier for human creation of culture. With the development of the times and the deepening of industrialization, people are increasingly aware that there is a final limit for the natural environment to be utilized, and current development has approached this limit. Although human beings transform themselves by adapting to and transforming the environment, once they become the masters of the environment, they are inevitably restricted by the environment. This means that the relationship between man and nature is mutual. Man gains opportunities to develop culture by transforming nature, but after all, he is restricted by the natural environment. The textbook believes that although the resources provided by the geographical environment to humans are limited, as long as humans have not exceeded this limit, they can have relatively unlimited room for activity (p. 25). This is an ideal view. Collapse - zybang/q.
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1----Geographic environment first Determined the formation and distribution of population. The earliest places where humans settled in the world were around large rivers, and the world’s earliest species also originated in water; 2----The settlement of populations also formed the earliest human civilization, such as the Yellow River in my country Civilization, the Indus Valley Civilization of ancient India, etc. The four major ancient civilizations in the world are all located near water sources; 3----The emergence of human civilization means that culture begins to gradually form and form its own system.
Since then, due to the expansion of civilization and the development of technology and other conditions, humans began to develop the terrain near water sources, and began to form a series of distinctive living forms and lifestyles based on the developed terrain features, such as plain areas (The living accommodation is stable and the climate is pleasant, which is suitable for carrying out various cultural, agricultural, industrial and commercial activities. Each industry has its own system and a large number of famous people have appeared in history. Many customs and festivals have emerged, such as the lunar calendar, the 12 solar terms, etc., which are based on agriculture. Come; the Dragon Boat Festival is derived from the historical celebrity Qu Yuan; shipping, land transportation and the use of money are commercial needs, etc.); plateau areas (climate and other conditions are relatively harsh, the most obvious is the formation of national cultural characteristics on clothes and accessories); In grassland areas (due to limitations of natural conditions, most of the residents' housing is mobile [such as yurts], and the pasture resources are abundant, so the livestock industry is quite developed. However, the local people are stronger due to their long-term mobility and eating beef and mutton meat. They competed for land or competed in the past. Some of the activities that emerged have now evolved into just fitness activities or even national customs. One of the more familiar ones is wrestling). In addition, it is divided into rainy areas (the invention of the Diaojiaolou); arid areas (the invention of the karez), etc., involving differences in folk customs, customs, architecture, diet, etc.
4----Due to the different geographical environments of various regions, civilizations gradually differed. The high and low regions in the north and south needed to communicate and supply each other. Later, they even needed to supply each other with overseas countries. This need for exchanges contributed to many events, the most famous of which are the Silk Road and the Spice Road. Communication between the north and the south and overseas has brought more culture, the most prominent one is religion. The successive introduction and influence of various religions have also changed and formed some traditional cultures, such as the belief in Theravada Buddhism in the plateau areas, and a series of things have appeared, ranging from the national leader Panchen Lama to the prayer wheels used by the people; Most of the Han people in the region believe in Mahayana Buddhism, and much of the traditional culture that has been passed down to this day comes from the propaganda and invention of Buddhism, such as vegetarian dishes, tea ceremonies, figure and landscape paintings, building platforms, and even printing. In the early days of its invention, the biggest demand was to print Buddhist scriptures; special cases If there are Christians, they believe in Christianity. The most familiar one may be that they do not eat pork in terms of diet (of course there are many other aspects, but most of them come from the laws and regulations of Christianity) 5----In such a situation During the mutual exchange and complementation, foreign customs and cultures have to be interdependent with the local culture, so they have undergone many localized transformations and developments, thus forming a new batch of traditional cultures.
6----Geography is still affecting traditional culture even now. Some are conducive to the preservation of tradition while others are gradually destroyed. For example, *** Potala Palace, due to the relatively difficult terrain The closed area has now become a religious tourist holy area. On the one hand, it has developed the economy and is conducive to the maintenance of tradition, because people come here to experience local customs and culture, which can be regarded as a disguised form of forced protection; another example is coastal areas, due to shipping and other The development of the business has led to the close connection with overseas countries, but this has led to the loss of a lot of local culture or the loss of its original meaning. For example, the Spring Festival has become less and less atmospheric, and few people pay attention to traditional festivals such as the Dragon Boat Festival, which were even applied for World Heritage status by other countries. , can be said to be very ironic, but imported products such as Christmas and April Fool's Day are becoming more and more popular. (That’s the main part~ If you continue to expand, you should write a paper. I hope it will be helpful to you.)
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