It is distributed in the Mediterranean climate zones such as southern Europe, western Asia and the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, and is a mixed agriculture with equal emphasis on planting and animal husbandry. The dominant crops are wheat and barley.

Influenced by the Mediterranean climate, it is hot and dry in summer, mild and rainy in winter, with abundant light energy and sunny days, and the annual sunshine hours are about 3000 hours, which is more conducive to the accumulation of sugar in organisms; Rich in heat, the annual average temperature is about 16℃, and the accumulated temperature ≥ 10℃ is as high as 4000℃ ~ 5000℃, which is beneficial to the growth of high-temperature crops. The annual precipitation is moderate, about 300 ~ 1000 mm, concentrated in winter, accounting for about 70% of the whole year. It is dry and rainy in summer, which is insufficient for crop growth and relatively surplus in winter. In this climate, the vegetation is dry subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest or shrub grassland, which is very beneficial to the growth of crops such as olives, grapes, figs and oranges.

Geographically, Mediterranean agriculture is mostly backed by long and narrow coastal plains, low mountains and hills, and almost all the surrounding mountains are used as barriers. Narrow plains, wide distribution of mountains and scattered land limit the wide use of mechanization. In addition, the proportion of agricultural population in the Mediterranean coastal areas is relatively large, and there is not much cultivated land per capita. Agricultural production mostly adopts intensive cultivation and intensive management of small farms, and the mechanization and biotechnology of agricultural production in southern European countries are relatively high. In terms of agricultural production objects, the mixed agricultural model of paying equal attention to agriculture and animal husbandry is adopted. Perennial crops such as olives, grapes and figs are symbolic crops in Mediterranean agriculture, while the production of fruits and vegetables is a traditional feature of Mediterranean agriculture. Animal husbandry includes seasonal migration grazing in alpine mountains and coastal plains in Europe and the production mode of promoting animal husbandry by agriculture and paying equal attention to agriculture and animal husbandry in Australia.