Cultivation techniques of cabbage
Begonia purpurea, also known as Guanyin amaranth and red amaranth, is commonly known as red cabbage, purple cabbage, red cabbage and blood cabbage. It belongs to the perennial evergreen herb of Panax notoginseng in Compositae. It is a semi-cultivated species integrating utilization, medicine and appreciation. Its stems are purple, its leaves are purple and its flowers are yellow, which has high ornamental value. Cabbage is distributed in the warm and humid areas of southern China. Wide adaptability, rich nutrition, convenient eating and easy cultivation. Stems and leaves of Gynura divaricata are soft and smooth, with unique flavor, which can be used for cold salad, stuffing, fried eggs, sweet and sour stains or as a side dish of hot pot, with high medicinal value. Farmers in the mountainous areas of southern Zhejiang planted drugs specially for enriching blood and calming the nerves in the corner, which was once used as one of the main formulas for lying-in women. Modern medicine has proved that it contains iron, provitamin A, flavonoids and manganese as an enzyme activator with hematopoietic function. Among them, the iron content of fresh food is 7.5 mg/ 100 g, which is twenty or thirty times that of Chinese cabbage, radish, melons and fruits, and is equivalent to celery and other vegetables with high iron content. Long-term use of this medicine can promote blood circulation, stop bleeding, detoxify and reduce swelling; It has moderate resistance to malignant growth cells and can alleviate vascular purpura. It has obvious curative effect on dysmenorrhea, blood collapse, hemoptysis, traumatic hemorrhage, chronic ulcer, bronchitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. At the same time, it has the functions of anti-parasite and anti-virus, and can enhance the immunity of human body. In recent years, people pay more and more attention to the health care function of cabbage, and as a characteristic vegetable, it is rapidly popularized in the suburbs of major cities in China, which is well received by the catering industry.
Main functions of 1
(1) Variety type: Gynura bicolor includes red leaf species and purple stem green leaf species. The back and stems of red leaves are purple, and the leaves of new buds are purple, which gradually turn green with the maturity of stems. According to the size of leaves, it can be divided into big leaf species and small leaf species. Big leaf species, with large and slender leaves, sharp and sticky, purple back and stems, and long stems; Small leaf species, few leaves, less mucus, purplish red stems, long nodes, low temperature tolerance, suitable for cultivation in colder areas in winter. Purple stem green leaf species, pale purple at the base of stem, short nodes, poor branching performance, small oval leaves, tapering tips, dark green leaves, short fluff, less mucus, poor texture, but strong heat and moisture resistance.
(2) Botanical characteristics: Gynura bicolor is a perennial erect herb with clumps and a plant height of 60 ~ 90 cm. The stem is smooth and hairless, with many branches, purplish red or green, and adventitious roots are easy to occur on the stem nodes, so cutting propagation can be carried out. Edible parts are tender stems and leaves at the top of the stems. The tender stems contain a certain amount of mucus, and the mucus of different varieties is different, with a slight earthy smell.
Leaves alternate, ovate, broadly lanceolate, sharp at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, with downward ears and shallow serrations at the leaf margin; The leaves are about 10 ~ 16 cm long, 4 ~ 6 cm wide and 0. 1 cm thick, slightly fleshy, smooth and waxy, with dark green or purplish front and purple or lavender back. Petiole is short, purplish red, and the upper leaves are almost sessile.
The flowers are orange-yellow, the head is terminal or axillary, and several flowers are arranged in scattered conical or corymbose inflorescences; The peduncle is slender, and the flowers are tubular hermaphroditic flowers, which bloom in southern Zhejiang 10 ~ 12, and generally do not bear fruit.
(3) Suitable environment: Cabbage likes warm and humid climate, which is resistant to high temperature, rain and drought, but not cold. The optimum temperature for growth is 20 ~ 25℃. When the temperature is lower than 65438 00℃, the whole plant will wither in case of frost. It thrives in sunny conditions and is more resistant to shade. It grows vigorously in the high temperature and rainy season in the north, and can grow all year round in the protected areas in the south.
Begonia purpurea is barren-tolerant, but it should be planted in fertile loam to obtain high quality and high yield.
2 culture sites
(1) Seedling breeding: ① Seed breeding: Gynura bicolor is cultivated in protected areas and blooms in spring. It can bear fruit in June-July, and germinate in about 10 day after sowing in August-September and February-March. When there are 5-6 real leaves, they will be planted in the ground. After the seedlings grow into plants, they can be used for asexual reproduction of virus-free mother plants. (2) Cutting propagation: Generally, the seedlings needed for mass production should be directly cut by pruning during the growing season. The method is as follows: cleaning the seedbed with a width of 100 cm, opening a shallow ditch every 1 cm, and filling the ditch with ash fertilizer; Cut branches about 8 ~ 10 cm long from healthy plants without mosaic virus, leave 2 ~ 3 leaves, and remove the lower leaves; Insert branches 2/3 deep every 6cm, compact, and then pour enough water; Cover the sunshade net, after 6 ~ 7 days, new roots and buds will form, remove the sunshade net and apply dilute fertilizer 1 time. When the seedling height is above 10 cm, it can be planted.
(2) Planting: Soils with convenient irrigation and drainage and rich organic matter should be selected for large-scale planting of Gynura divaricata. In the plain area, the ridge width is 120cm (flat furrow), and the furrow is applied with decomposed manure 1000kg and NPK fertilizer 30 ~ 50 kg as base fertilizer. Planting in late March, the planting density depends on soil fertility, fertile soil can be sparsely planted, generally two rows per border, 2 ~ 3 plants per hole, the hole spacing is 40 ~ 30cm, about 4,000 plants per mu, after planting, water should be poured in time.
(3) Field management: Before closing the ridge, loosen the soil and weed in time. Gynura bicolor is a perennial plant. Under suitable conditions, it grows rapidly, has high yield and needs more fertilizer. In order to obtain high-yield and soft-textured products, decomposed manure 1000kg should be applied per mu in the main season to cultivate exotic soil and deepen the soil layer. Top dressing 1 time every 15 days, per mu 15 ~ 20 tons of human excrement and urine, 30kg of compound fertilizer. The irrigation principle is "see dry and see wet", and it is "saturated" every 7 ~ 10 days without rainy days; In the dry season, dilute fertilizer water should be poured once a week to keep the soil moist.
Cabbage can safely overwinter in the underground part of southern Zhejiang, and it is suitable for annual production by protected cultivation. Begonia purpurea is cultivated in containers in courtyards or balconies, and nutrient soil is used as basin soil. Put it in strong light at ordinary times to make plants grow healthily, and put it in a slightly shady place in summer to avoid excessive sunlight and premature aging of leaves.
(4) Pest control: there are few sporadic cultivation diseases of cabbage, and it will be attacked by various pests and diseases after expanding the cultivation area. (1) Agricultural control: high ridge cultivation and plastic film mulching; Apply more organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to enhance disease resistance; Special attention should be paid to ventilation and dehumidification in greenhouse cultivation. ② Chemical control: Root rot can be irrigated with 800 times solution of 69% Anke manganese zinc and 800 times solution of 50% carbendazim or sprayed 65,438+0 times in 6-8 days, and the ground should be taken into account when spraying. For leaf spot, anthracnose and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 70% mancozeb 500 times solution or 50% Sheng Da 500 times solution can be selected and sprayed at the initial stage of the disease, 2-3 times in total. For Spodoptera litura, 52.25% chlorfenapyr 1000 times solution or 44% quick-opening EC 1500 times solution can be used. , the effect is good. In the dry season, aphids and liriomyza sativae are prone to harm, so it is necessary to prevent and control them in time to avoid spreading virus diseases. Generally, spraying with 10% and 5000% chlorfenapyr and harvesting in time can reduce or avoid the harm.
(5) Harvesting: spring ploughing is generally 25-30 days after planting, 40-50 days in autumn and winter, and harvesting is once every 10- 15 days in warm season. When the main branch is about 25 cm long, the top branch can be harvested. When picking for the first time, it is advisable to leave 2 ~ 3 knots at the base, so that the new lateral branches will crawl slightly. In the future, a new shoot will grow in each leaf axil, so it is advisable to leave 1 ~ 2 nodes at the stem base for the next harvest and control the plant shape. You can receive 4000 Jin per mu for the whole year. If you don't eat it immediately after harvest, you can wrap it in a film and keep it at a constant temperature for 6 days. For example, it can be stored at 6 ~ 8℃ for more than 10 days.
(6) seed preservation: seed plant preservation: begonia fimbristipula is not cold-tolerant, and seed plants must be preserved in the protected area before frost, and the temperature in the protected area should be above 5℃, and the harm of aphids and whiteflies should be prevented. Or choose disease-free plants in early autumn, cut short terminal buds and cultivate them in protected areas for use as mother plants in the coming year.
Seed collection: After long-term asexual reproduction or planting for one year, Gynura bicolor is often infected with virus, and its leaves shrink or appear mosaic, which seriously affects the product quality and yield. Therefore, it is necessary to use seeds for reproduction and regeneration, or to use bud tip tissue to detoxify and re-raise seedlings. In southern Zhejiang, it is necessary to use protected land to preserve seeds. The flowering period is from February to May, and the seeds mature from June to August. When the flowers spit out white flocs, they are harvested immediately, and the crown hairs are removed and stored for later use.