During World War II, when there was a shortage of commodities, the United States issued various commodity vouchers, including food vouchers. At present, there are still some countries that still use the ticket supply method, such as North Korea, Vietnam and other countries.
Food stamps recorded an extremely difficult period in the history of New China. At that time, people in China were far more familiar with food stamps than many people imagined this year. 1On April 8th, 933, China's food stamp system, which has been implemented for 38 years, officially withdrew from the historical stage.
Food stamps are historical products under special economic conditions; The history of food stamps is by no means a general history of culture and entertainment, but a dignified and vigorous history of Chinese entrepreneurship, a life history of Chinese descendants fighting poverty and hunger, a true portrayal and proof of China's planned economy, and an event with profound historical significance.
During the development of food stamps in China, many unique food stamps have been handed down to this day and even developed into treasures of many collectors.
1on March 9, 984, the State Council forwarded the document "opinions on the full implementation of legal units of measurement in China" issued by the State Bureau of Metrology, demanding that all newly printed tickets be changed into legal units of measurement. Therefore, after 1984, food stamps printed by all provinces in China were changed to "grams" and "kilograms" as the unit of measurement.
Watermark food stamps refer to food stamps printed with watermark paper. The printing of food stamps has a long history in China, and the printing methods and paper selection are different in different periods. 1955 In September, the State Food Stamp Department printed and distributed the first set of national general food stamps. In order to further improve the anti-counterfeiting effect of tickets, the country successfully developed watermark paper with "five-pointed star" and "ancient coins" on 1959.
1960 developed a more complicated special banknote printing paper with fixed watermark on Tiananmen pattern. The 1978 version of People's Republic of China (PRC) food stamps and the 1982 version of national general food stamps are all printed with watermark paper.
From 65438 to 0997, food stamps were hyped in Beijing and other places. Watermark food stamps have also been hyped and hoarded as an "exotic product", and the price has soared. For example, in Liaoning 1980 version of food stamps and Heilongjiang 1978 version of food stamps, the price of watermarked 3 kg denomination tickets is much higher than other denominations. Compared with other food stamps, one of the biggest characteristics of watermark food stamps is its strong anti-counterfeiting performance, which can not be faked.
There are many names and varieties of cloth tickets. In the early 1950 s, it was called "cotton purchase certificate" and "cloth ticket purchase", and in the early 1960 s, it was called "cloth ticket", and the climate was collectively called "cloth ticket" There are dozens of names of cloth tickets, including military cloth tickets, civil cloth tickets, adjustment cloth tickets, temporary cloth tickets, cloth change tickets, chemical fiber cloth tickets, knitwear tickets, vest tickets, shoes cloth tickets, special cloth tickets, such as mosquito net tickets in Jiangdu County and cheap and durable cloth tickets for mountain people in Zhejiang Province.
Extended data
Ticket era
As a matter of fact, supply by ticket was not initiated by China. After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union adopted a plan to distribute commodities and issue various commodity tickets. The earliest ticket in the Soviet Union was a shoe ticket for 19 16.
During World War II, when there was a shortage of commodities, the United States issued various commodity vouchers, including food vouchers. After the cancellation of food stamps in China, there are still some countries that still use the way of supplying food stamps, such as North Korea and Vietnam.
The variety and quantity of food stamps in China are known as "the best in the world". More than 2,500 cities and counties across the country, as well as some townships, some large enterprises, factories, mines, farms, schools, governments, institutions and other units have issued and used various food stamps for planned supply.
Food stamps are historical products under special economic conditions, with a wide range of topics, exquisite printing, timeliness and regionality. After years of erosion, this kind of unrepeatable ticket cultural relics are becoming more and more scarce, and treasures emerge one after another, which has already attracted the attention of collectors at home and abroad.
In addition, some public food stamps issued during the Liberation War are historical testimony of the revolutionary army's bloody struggle with the support of the people during the Liberation War, which has important commemorative significance and collection value.
"Ticket economy" has influenced the lives of several generations of ordinary people in China. It was an era of eating and drinking soup by ticket, and it was also an era of planned economy that lived on food stamps, cloth tickets and other tickets.
The earliest practice of supplying food by ticket was food. In the early days of the founding of New China, there was an extreme shortage of materials, so the food supply could not be opened naturally. The central government began to brew a planned food supply to meet the country's food and clothing.
1953, the central government decided to implement the policy of unified grain purchase and marketing, including the planned grain purchase policy and the planned grain supply policy. 1955 On August 25th, the17th plenary meeting in the State Council adopted the Interim Measures for the Printing of Municipal Grain Rationing Vouchers, and subsequently, the State Ministry of Grain issued the Interim Measures to the whole country. Soon, all kinds of food stamps were distributed.
From 65438 to 0960, the whole country entered a period of food saving and famine, the rations of urban residents were compressed, and the supply of non-staple food was seriously insufficient. Goods that used to be supplied by ticket can't be bought either. By 196 1 year, the number of goods supplied by ticket in the market has reached 156. At that time, food stamps were needed for eating, cigarettes for smoking, wine tickets for drinking and even a box of matches for a penny.
Although there are many tickets issued, they still cannot cover all goods. Therefore, in addition to tickets, various purchase books were issued, such as food books, non-staple food books, coal books and so on. As for the purchase of industrial products, the state also issues industrial vouchers. You need to pay a certain amount of industrial vouchers to buy the goods you need in the store. Large valuables, as well as self-walking tickets, sewing tickets, watching tickets and so on.
In line with the ticket era, there are also strict household registration management and the system of urban-rural dual division. It is impossible for rural people to work in cities as freely as they do today, because only the urban population has food stamps and oil stamps distributed in a fixed amount every month. Without the identity of city people, they can't get these tickets, so farmers can't survive without land.
Not only between urban and rural areas, but also between cities, because of the restriction of grain relations, it is also quite troublesome. At that time, food stamps were divided into two types: national general and local motor. Only national food stamps can be valid in China. People traveling on business must exchange a certain number of national food stamps at the grain store with the company's letter of introduction.
The turning point of economic development occurred after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. With the reform and opening up, the material is gradually enriched, the commodity market is becoming active, the once strict ticket system is becoming more and more relaxed, and the state gradually narrows the distribution scope of consumer goods. By 1983, only two kinds of food and edible oil were supplied by the state in a unified and limited way.
1984, after more than two years of price system reform experiments, Shenzhen took the lead in canceling all tickets in the country, and the supply of grain, pork, cotton cloth, edible oil and other commodities was liberalized, and the prices were liberalized. Shenzhen people took the lead in living without food books and food stamps.
Today, 24 years later, it is not a big deal to cancel the air ticket, but at that time, it was a big deal related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and it took a lot of risks. It is not only a minefield of policies, but also affects the most sensitive nerve of the city, causing panic among Shenzhen citizens.
At that time, China implemented the unified purchase and marketing of grain, and rationed it according to the registered population. This system was also implemented in the early days of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. At that time, people had to rely on household registration books or food stamps to buy rice, and the quota was very low.
A few months after the establishment of the special zone, the population has expanded from more than 20 thousand people before the establishment of the special zone to hundreds of thousands. A large number of construction workers and other personnel came in, and food rations were insufficient. Some people have no food stamps, so they have to buy high-priced food in the free market. Many people were forced to return to the mainland because of food stamps.
1984, 1 1 In June, Shenzhen held a meeting to study the issue of canceling the ration supply of food stamps. The meeting held that after the rural reform in China, the food supply has recovered and the food supply is no longer so tight. Moreover, because the state has given the reform of special economic zones a chance to try first, Shenzhen can boldly carry out the reform.
The way is to let the state-owned grain department reserve more grain, cancel food stamps, raise prices and open up supply. If we find that there is a large amount of panic buying around, we will raise food prices and study other countermeasures.
The new policy has not yet been implemented. After the news spread, Shenzhen people who were used to "ticket day" panicked and queued up at the grain station to buy grain and oil. Once the habit of buying food by ticket has been broken for decades, will there be no food to buy and everyone will be hungry?
Facts have proved that due to the price mechanism and the balance mechanism between supply and demand, there was no storm after Shenzhen cancelled the food stamp supply system. In the words of a citizen, "I didn't expect that after the cancellation of food stamps, not only can I not buy vegetables, but it is also very convenient to buy things. You can choose different qualities according to your own economic level!"
In the second year after the cancellation of food stamps in Shenzhen, that is, 1985, the state cancelled the system of unified purchase and distribution of agricultural products that had been implemented for more than 30 years, which greatly stimulated farmers' enthusiasm for production and enriched the "rice bags" and "vegetable baskets" of urban residents. The dietary structure of urban residents has also changed, with three meals a day, non-staple food increasing and staple food decreasing. So at this time, the food stamps of basic households are surplus.
1991may, Guangdong and Hainan took the lead in implementing the reform of purchasing and selling grain at the same price. On April 1992, the government decided to carry out this reform nationwide. 1992 10 The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system. Since then, the prices of grain and other products have been liberalized one after another throughout the country, and the same price has been implemented to promote the integration of grain production and marketing with the market.
After the liberalization of grain prices, the circulation of other commodities was activated, farmers' enthusiasm for production was promoted, and grain output increased significantly. 1993, grain and oil supply was opened, food stamps were useless, and it was officially announced to be discontinued. The "ticket economy" that lasted for nearly 40 years is over, and people no longer have to worry about finding food stamps.
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