First, the historical evolution of ancient edible oil in China
People in ancient China knew about oil very early and ate it. According to legend, our ancestor Huangdi got a book called River Map, which he read day and night. In order to solve the problem of lighting at night, he asked a subordinate named Li Mu to collect fruits from trees to make oil, use silk floss as oil core, and light a lamp to read books at night. But this is just a legend. In fact, the production of vegetable oil is later. People first knew and ate animal oil. After people know how to use fire, they produce fat deposits in the process of barbecue and cook the meat with utensils. After long-term practice, they gradually understand how to obtain oil and its use.
According to documents, the oil people ate before the Han Dynasty in China was all animal oil, which was called "grease". The word grease is understood from meat, which means that they are produced from animal meat. The word Shuowen says: "Those who wear horns are fat, and those who have no horns are ointment." In other words, animals have horns such as cattle and sheep, and their grease is called fat; Hornless, such as pigs and dogs, whose grease is called ointment. Li Zhou Dong Guan Ziren: "The five great beasts in the world: fat, ointment, nudity, feather and scale." Han Zheng Xuan's Note: "Fat, cattle and sheep, cream, dolphin." This refers to two kinds of animals, grease and ointment. Or morphologically distinguish the two, that is, solidified fat and liquid paste. So in ancient books, what has not been fried is generally called fat, and what has been fried is called paste. Because the fried animal oil is mostly pasty after cooling, the later paste also refers to pasty substances. "Book of Rites Internal Rules": "Use onions as fat and onions as paste." Zheng Note: "Fat, fat coagulation and release are so-called ointments." Lipids have different names because of different parts of animals. Popular Literature: "Fat is fat in the waist and fat in the belly." Another cloud says, "The fat in bone is called marrow." Shuowen: "Steamed pork, beef intestine fat." "Book of Rites Neize": "Liver." Zheng Note: "Intestinal fat." Grease can sometimes be used together. After ten years of success in Zuo Zhuan, Jin fell ill, and his medical diagnosis said, "The disease cannot be done, the attack cannot be done, the success cannot be done, and the medicine cannot be done." Is terminally ill, there is no cure. This cream refers to the fat under the heart.
Before Xia and Shang Dynasties, the specific situation of edible oil was not clear because of the vague language of literature records. However, in "Songs of the South Tian Jian", he said: "Feng Yi made a profit-making decision and Feng was shot. Why does he provide the paste of steamed meat? " That is, Xia Di killed a wild boar and gave its meat sauce to the emperor, but why didn't the emperor bless him? Wild boar oil is used to sacrifice to God, who is created by human imagination, and God's eating habits are also human eating habits. It can be speculated that people may have eaten the oil of hunting wild animals first, and after the emergence of animal husbandry, people naturally ate the oil of livestock. According to legend, Zhou Wang, a tyrant at the end of Shang Dynasty, made the punishment of "branding", that is, he painted grease on the copper pillar, so that the "dreamer" slipped and fell into the burning coal for fun.
In the Zhou Dynasty, there were many records of boiling paste in the literature. "Book of Rites Neize" records the practice of "cannon dolphin" in "Eight Treasures", and one of the operating procedures is "When the ointment is completely fried, the ointment will be destroyed", that is, frying in the ointment, and the ointment should completely immerse the fried dolphin. "Zhou Li Tianguan Ren Ying": "Where animals are used, lambs and dolphins have a spring outing, and the food is fragrant; In summer, you will be embarrassed; Calving in autumn, eating paste fishy; Winter feathers are fragrant. " (good: eat. Mutton: Mutton. Dolphin: suckling pig. Perfume: Niu Hao. Rice: Cooking. Only: dried pheasant. Gun: dried fish. Cream: dog cream. Lower leg: lower leg. Xiongnu: Little deer. Paste fishy: pig paste. Xi 'an: Live fish. Feather: wild goose. Paste: sheep oil. This passage means eating meat, mutton and suckling pigs in spring and cooking with butter; Eat dried chicken and dried fish in summer and cook with dog oil; Eat calves and deer in autumn and cook with lard; Eat fresh fish and geese in winter and cook with sheep oil. It can be seen that people already know the properties of various animal oils at this time, so they emphasize which animal oil is the best for cooking a certain meat in a certain season. Probably, the animal oil consumed by people in this period mainly came from domestic animals, such as pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs, and captured wild animals, fish and birds. The liver in the "eight treasures" uses the fat in the wolf's chest. Wolves are not livestock, but prey.
The amount of oil needed in daily life is large, and there were merchants specializing in selling oil in Han Dynasty. "Historical Records Biography of Huo Zhi" says: "Selling fat is a great shame, but Yongbo is a thousand dollars." Yongbo can make a fortune by selling fat meat, and the business scale should be not small.
The word "oil" is a proper noun for the name of water. Shuowen: "Oil and water, out of Liling West, southeast into the river." This water is roughly in Yichang, Hubei Province today. Because the word oil has the meaning of fluidity and smoothness, after the appearance of vegetable oil, it was regarded as fatty oil and gradually lost its original meaning. With the wide application of vegetable oil, the word oil has gradually become a general term for animals, vegetable oils and other oils.
The purchase of vegetable oil began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Xi's explanation of the name and diet: "It is oily, mashed and coated, and it is dry. It looks like oil. Apricot oil is the same "(today's cloud apples, Wang Xianqian thought ignorance can be oil, but it was a mistake of dates. "... see" name explanation and evidence supplement "). Zheng Xuan was quoted as saying in Volume 4 of Yao Min's Book "Jujube Oil Method": "Jujube oil, jujube paste, painted, dry as oil, is made. "This shows that people knew that there was oil in plant fruits at that time, but the extraction methods and finished products were relatively simple and primitive. Mao Cui's "Four-person Monthly Order" said that in May, "you can hang oil clothes with a pole, but don't hide them" (fold). Oil coat is a coat coated with oil to prevent rain, and vegetable oil can be used. In the Han Dynasty, sesame (then called flax) was introduced into the Central Plains from the Western Regions. Because of its rich oil content, it is gradually loved and eaten by the broad masses of people. The planting and trading of flax were mentioned many times in the Four People's Month Order, which shows that people attached importance to flax at that time and also reflected the important position of flax in people's daily life at that time.
At first, vegetable oil was mostly used for lighting or as a combustion product in war, which was also reflected in the legendary animal husbandry and oil production. Sesame oil may be the earliest vegetable oil that appeared in large quantities and was used for food. During the Three Kingdoms period, sesame oil was widely used. According to the biography of the reflection of Wei Zhi and Man Chong, Sun Quan of Soochow attacked Hefei New Town, and Wei Man Chong "took dozens of strong men, folded them into torches, poured sesame oil, set fire from above, and burned thieves to attack tools". Wang Yin's "Jin Shu Jin Yun" said: "In October of the fifth year of Yuankang, the armory caught fire and all the treasures of the past dynasties were burned. It was the craftsman who stole the things in the warehouse and was afraid of sin. He threw candles into sesame paste and started a fire. " It also contains "Wang Qi (Sima) Uprising, and Sun Xiuduo collected reed torches in Yunnan Province to store sesame oil as arson tools". Zhang Hua's Natural History contains Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty's Taishi Gonghua, the armory caught fire and was caused by oil accumulation. Sesame oil in these records may refer to sesame oil, which is used as a burnt product in a large amount. Wang Yin's Book of Jin says sesame paste and sesame oil are used together. It can also be seen that the word oil gradually replaces oil as a common name.
Edible vegetable oil may be more common in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. According to Qi Yaomin's Book written by the Northern Wei Dynasty, sesame oil, coriander seed oil and hemp seed oil were used for cooking food at that time. Thirty-six Plans of Polygonum cuspidatum (Volume III) said: "Coriander seeds are grown in late autumn ... you can make cakes by squeezing seeds to extract oil. The stubble oil is green and lovely, and it smells delicious. Sesame oil biscuits are better than sesame oil, and sesame oil is awkward. " In the cooking methods, recipes and materials described in the book, there are many records of using sesame oil, coriander oil and animal oils such as pigs, sheep and cattle. Sesame oil was the best vegetable oil to eat at that time. There is also red and blue flower seed oil in vegetable oil, which is "both car fat and candle" (Volume 5 of Qi Yao Min Shu and Volume 52 of Planting Red and Blue Gardeners). In addition to cooking food, these animal and vegetable oils are also used to make candles, tarpaulins, hair cream, facial fat and so on. Rapeseed oil (now rapeseed oil) in vegetable oil may also be eaten. There is a saying in Two Poems by Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan in the Southern Dynasties that "the peach blossoms in March contain flour fat, and the new oil in May is easy to fry". The new oil in May is the vegetable oil harvested around May and freshly squeezed. "Qi Yao Min Shu" Volume III "Those who plant mustard seeds, Sichuan mustard seeds and Brassica napus seeds, plant them in rainy February and March, water them in drought, and harvest them in May. Cui Yi said: Mustard seeds can be harvested after mid-summer in June. Rapeseed was harvested in May, and its oil immediately explained the new oil in May in Xiao Yi's poems.
In the Song Dynasty, vegetable oil became more common and varied. Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan" said: "Today's northerners like to fry things with sesame oil, no matter what it is, it is fried with oil." Zhuang's "Braised Chicken Ribs" said: "Oil is everywhere, and it is natural to eat (burn). However, flax is the top, and customs are fat and hemp. Its nature is eight points, which means that it is thin when it rains, ripe when it is dry, flowers are downward, seeds are upward, and oil is generated by frying, and the ointment is slippery and the needle is astringent. Hedong eats sesame oil, which stinks and can be used as a raincoat with coriander. In Shaanxi, almonds, red and blue flower seeds and wild rapeseed oil are also eaten as lamps, but porridge is blinded by smoke, and today it is not a problem. Shandong also uses Xanthium sibiricum as oil, which is good for treating wind. There is little hemp in the rivers and lakes, and most of the lamps are made of tung oil, but the thick smoke, portraits and the like are particularly frightening, and clothes can't be washed. Wax gourd can be washed away. It is blue and sweet. Eating it wrong will make people vomit dysentery. Drinking or tea can be washed away, and the wine in the south will be covered with a lot of ash. Some women mistakenly use cream to make their hair, which will stick to their spine, but not all treatments can solve it. There is also paraffin oil. The root of paraffin oil is mountain pepper, which is used as ointment fire by villagers. Its smoke is particularly smelly, so it is rare in the city. Ubuntu seed oil, such as fat, can be filled with candles, which can be used in Guangnan and various prefectures. " Eleven kinds of vegetable oils are listed in this paper, and as many as five or six kinds are used in diet. According to historical records, there were four kinds of gifts in Song Dynasty, including "five fruits, medicine, oil, paper, salary, charcoal, lacquer and wax" (Song History Volume 65438+ Food Volume 074). In addition, in the volume 178, Yakumo "taxes on Jingji meat, oil, charcoal, noodles, cloth, catkins, etc. are all exempted after winning money". As can be seen from the above two materials, the oil production in Song Dynasty is considerable, which is not only a gift for the aged, but also a tax.
By the Ming Dynasty, there were more kinds of vegetable oils, and there were also systematic records of oil-making methods, which gave a deeper understanding of the properties, food intake and different functions of various vegetable oils. "Ointment oil" in Tiangong Wu Kai: "The edible places of oil are flax (a kind of fat hemp), radish seeds, soybeans and white rapeseed, followed by Ma Su (like perilla, the grain is bigger than flax) and rapeseed (south of the Yangtze River). When burning the lamp, the water and oil in Platycladus orientalis seeds are the best, followed by Brassica napus and flaxseed (commonly known as ticks in Shaanxi) When making candles, cypress bark oil is the best, castor seed is the second, cypress mixed oil is frozen with white wax per catty, white wax is the second, camphor tree seed oil is the second (its light is not reduced, but it avoids fragrance), and holly seed oil is the second (it is special for Shao Jun County, ranking because of low oil). If butter is widely used in the soil in the north, it will be next. " The oil yield and oil-making methods of various plant seeds are also described in detail, including squeezing method and two-pot cooking method, that is, changing water, grinding method and frying pot method, which basically have the types and oil-making methods of modern edible vegetable oil.
In Qing Dynasty, peanut oil also appeared as edible oil in our people's diet and daily life. Cui's Yunnan Annals, Volume 10, said: "Peanut is the first fruit in South China ... Cotton, pumpkin and sweet potato were planted in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and it is estimated that they came back from countries at sea ... If they were burned, they would be peanuts, so it would be rotten and prosperous from the market to the night market. If it is cultivated by the sea, oil extraction is the most important. Therefore, people from Fujian and Guangdong all eat peanut oil and use it as a night light. Now it has spread all over Yu Haibin provinces, which is of great benefit. " According to Mr. xie guozhen, this groundnut refers to a small peanut, and the big peanut didn't breed until the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty (Selected Social and Economic Historical Materials of Ming Dynasty). In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, according to the "Industry Examination and Oil Industry" recorded in the Qing Dynasty's Continuing Literature General Examination, the main edible vegetable oils at that time were: soybean (including soybean, mung bean, black bean, brown bean and spotted bean), cottonseed, peanut, rapeseed, fat hemp, flax, camellia, perilla (namely coriander) and perilla.
In the history of our country, since the appearance of vegetable oil and its application in diet, animal oil has not been completely excluded, and the two go hand in hand. However, due to the variety, large output and wide use of vegetable oil, its consumption proportion is increasing, and it is still there.
Second, the use of oil in ancient dietary life
Animal oils found in ancient documents in China are edible, and most of the vegetable oils are edible except for a few varieties which are not suitable for dietotherapy due to toxins. The main use of edible oil is cooking food.
As I said before, before the Han Dynasty, whether it was eaten or not, it was all animal ointment. According to the Book of Rites, one of the diets of parents and aunts (in-laws) is "cream with cream". Zheng Note: "That is to say, we should use a harmonious diet." Zhang Heng's Ode to Tokyo in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Give six birds and use four pastes for meals" all means cooking with fat pastes.
The "eight treasures" in pre-Qin recipes are spring jujube, Chun Mu, canned dolphin, canned sheep, pouring treasure, pickling, boiling and liver. Spring boil is "add fried sugar to upland rice and boil it into a paste." Chunmu is "fried on millet food and made into paste", that is, the fried meat sauce is covered on cooked rice or millet rice and then poured with fried paste oil. The method of cannon dolphin and cannon sheep is to wrap suckling pigs and mutton in grass and mud, put them on fire, then fry them in completely immersed oil, take them out, stew them in a tripod for three days and three nights, and then dip them in the prepared sauce and vinegar. The liver is wrapped in dog (intestinal fat), baked on the fire, then made into paste with rice flour, and cooked with the fat paste in the wolf's chest as an ingredient (see the Book of Rites Internal Rules for all). These five flavors are made with oils and other condiments by different cooking methods.
There are many records of cooking methods in Qi Yaomin's Book, many of which are processed by frying, frying and oil steaming. His book "Raising Chicken in Volume Six" says: "The method of frying eggs is broken, and it is stirred in the middle of copper blocks, so that the yellow and white are mixed, the scallions are finely cut, and the salted rice, mud black beans and sesame oil are fried, which is very delicious." This is fried egg with chopped green onion. Volume 8 "Steaming Seventy-seven" records various steaming recipes, such as steamed bears, steamed dolphins, braised pork and steamed raw fish. , and record the materials, oil and specific operation methods and procedures of each dish in detail. Steamed dolphin method: "one fat dolphin (suckling pig), washed scales, boiled until half cooked, dipped in soy sauce, and one liter of raw rice." Don't touch the water, adjust the yellow with thick soy sauce, cook, sprinkle with soy sauce, finely cut one liter of ginger and orange peel, four liters of onion (three inches) and one liter of orange leaves, and cook together. " Steamed bears and sheep are like dolphins, and so is rice. "Fish fried in honey sauce is cooked first and then fried:" Use herring, along the belly, without scales, half bitter wine and half salted fish, cook for a long time and boil ointment to make it red and turbid. "Volume 9" Roast Pig Law "is to roast the pig on the fire, smear sake to make it discolored, and then smear extremely white fresh lard (or pure sesame oil) to make the roast pig" the color is like Ryukyu pat, but it is like real gold, but it disappears at the entrance, and it looks like Ling Xue, with paste and embellishment, which is unusual ". This kind of roast pig is still practiced in the south, which can be described as crispy skin and tender meat with good color and taste. The practice of "chicken and duck cake" is: "Break the cake (diarrhea), fry it in a pot with less salt and make it into a ball. The thickness of the cake is divided into two parts, and all of them are poured into one part. "This practice is now called fried eggs." Vegetarian dishes "refer to vegetables of various colors cooked in oil, which looks good. There are leek soup, steamed black beans in oil, fried seaweed, steamed vegetables, souto, stewed melon, mushrooms and eggplant. And the cooking described in the soup simmering method is the same.
The above are just examples of oil used in diet recipes recorded in Qi Yao Min Shu, which are described in many ancient diet classics, recipes and cookbooks, and are omitted here.
Besides cooking meat and vegetables, oil can also be used as fried food, cakes and snacks. Zongzi is one of the traditional fried foods in China. In ancient times, scorpions were also called hairpin, refrigerator, ointment ring and so on. It began to appear as early as the Warring States period. The book "Evocation of Chu Ci" says: "The honey bait should be used more." It means honey and rice noodles are boiled in oil. "Biography of Qi Yao Min Shu Gao": "Stir it with rice crumbs and honey, as thick as soup and cake noodles. It can be eight inches long by hand and can be bent at both ends, and cooked with ointment." The poem "Cold Weapons" in Yuxi, Liu Tang said: "My hands are rubbed into jade, and jade oil is fried into light yellow and deep color. It doesn't matter if you sleep in spring at night, which makes my wife hug gold. " Very vividly describes the practice, color and shape of cold tools. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (Volume 25): "Cold vessels are today's prickly heat. Mix flour with glutinous rice flour, add less salt, twist it into a circle shape and fry it. " Although the raw materials and shapes of prickly heat in different periods in ancient times were slightly different, their properties were the same. Fried dough sticks are also one of the traditional fried foods, commonly known as fried ghosts. It is said that ghosts are changes in sound. Gui refers to the great traitor in the Song Dynasty, who framed Yue Fei, a famous anti-gold star. In order to express their hatred for him, people pinched two dough figurines, symbolizing Wang and his wife, put them together and fried them in a frying pan, and named them Fried Ghost. Since the Song Dynasty at the latest, fried dough sticks have become a kind of fried food in northern and southern China. Most cakes and snacks can't be made without fat. Explain the name and diet, and explain Wang Xianqian's "Supplement to Book Evidence": "Yu Lan quoted" Miscellaneous Five Elements Book "as saying: the method of eating books has pith cakes, and pith fat is combined with flour." Seven-cake method in Qi Shu: "Slurry cake method: mix the dough with slurry fat and honey, with a thickness of four or five minutes and a width of six or seven inches, and cook in a Hu cake furnace. Don't repeat. The cake is very fat and can be kept for a long time. " It's like lard cake or "egg cake" in the south. In Qiyao Minshu, there are fried cakes, chicken gizzards, powder cakes and so on. There are pig pancreas-Hu cakes and shortbread in "Old Wulin Stories" written by Tong Zhai in Yuan and Zhou Dynasties. Wu Song's clock requires "four taels of butter, one tael of honey, one catty of white flour, and the agent is printed in the furnace to make cakes, or two taels of lard and Yuga honey". Other snacks include "oil iron", "crisp seal" and "sugar crisp". The "White Cocoon Sugar" and "Yellow Cocoon Sugar" recorded in Qi Yaomin's Book (Volume 9) are very similar to today's fried dim sum "China" (called Jiangmi Tiao in Beijing).
Third, some other uses of edible oil.
As a fatty substance, edible oil has the functions of flammability, water isolation and lubrication. So in ancient times, in addition to diet, it was also widely used in daily life. The following are some main uses.
1. Burning, used for lighting and making candles. According to Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, in Lishan Mausoleum, "mermaid cream is a candle that lasts for a long time." According to the Historical Biography of Chen Han and Tang Dynasties, Changling was built when the Han Dynasty became emperor. "Tens of thousands of disciples worked day and night until they burned fat and oil", that is, burning fat and oil was used as a torch for lighting at night. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Huan Tan described people's lives with the burning flame of an oil lamp, saying, "When the lamps and candles are used up, they are fat, but the candles are easy ... It is too late to trace the length of the candles." . If people want to live a long and healthy life, they should always pay attention to changing the stove and take care of it, just like lighting an oil lamp. In the Book of Qi Yao Min, oil is used as a candle, such as sesame oil, which is "enough to pay for beautiful candles" (Volume 2, the ninth kind). Coriander oil "can also be a candle" (Volume III of Rematerial, Article 26). Red and blue flower seed oil "can also be regarded as a candle" (Volume 5. Planting red and blue gardenia 53). Volume III Miscellaneous Remarks Method 30 of Fake Candles: "When Pu is ripe, collect more Pu moss, cut the fat loose as a finger, wrap it in rags, melt the fat of sheep and cattle, pour Pu moss into it, and wind it around the board to make it round and flat, but it will be thick enough to stop, and pour it with melted wax, saving ten times the labor." Tang Hanyu's "Learning Solution": "Burn ointment and break the crown, and the poor will never stop." These are records of using fatty oil as lighting or making candles. In the first part of this paper, we can also quote several paragraphs from Chicken Rib and Tiangong Wu Kai to describe the candle oil made by burning lamps, its varieties, properties, advantages and disadvantages.
In ancient wars, fire was often used to attack or defend the enemy, and oil was often used as a burning object. Back to the sixty-ninth session of Mozi Banner: "There are accumulated stones, firewood, grass, grass, wood, charcoal, sand, pine and cypress, wormwood, hemp, gold and iron, and millet." Firewood is piled up to repel the enemy with fire, and sand is piled up to prevent the other party from using fire as a fire extinguishing material when attacking the city. Another example is that Jiang Wei and Man Chong used torches to pour sesame oil on the siege equipment of Soochow Sun Quan.
2. Make waterproof and rainproof appliances. The oil and apricot oil mentioned in Ming Shi are used to make oil-washed tapirs, that is, an oil-washed fabric. This process is to mash nuts and almonds and then apply them to tapirs. After drying in the sun, the residue is removed and the tapir is as smooth as oil. There is an oil suit in the Monthly Order for Four People, which shows that rainproof appliances made of oil have a long history in China. In Qi Shu Yao Min, sesame oil and coriander oil are used to make oilcloth and oilcoat for silk. Sun Simiao's "Qian Jin Shi Zhi" in the Tang Dynasty also said that oil can be used as a paint coat. Meng Xi Bitan said that sesame oil and coriander oil "can be used as raincoats". Tang Fengzhi's "Dressing for the Dragon" said that Rao Ziqing "hid in Kangwang Valley of Lushan Mountain, and there was no tile house, so he replaced it with Mao Zi ... or when it rained, he used oil to bear the beam and sat under it". This is an oiled tent (Yunxian Miscellanies (II)). Song's poem "Take it at once", "Only when you turn to your neighbor to borrow oil can you know that the public is the most idle" ("Houshan Set Eight"). The oil cover is an oil umbrella. Meng Qian Bitan also has records of oil paper fans. Oil does not touch water, so it is another use of oil to use this function to make various waterproof appliances.
3. Used in shipbuilding. The biography of the reflection of Wei Zhi and Xia Houshang said that in the year of Huang San, Xia Houshang was at war with Dongwu Zhu Gejin in Jiangling, and the two armies faced each other across the river. The warships of both sides confronted each other in the river. "At that night, more than 10,000 people rode an oil tanker, dived downstream, attacked the armies, set the river on fire, and the land and water clamps broke it." This kind of tanker is a ship washed with oil. Because the hull is oiled and does not absorb water, it is light, fast and durable. The "Cao Fang" of Ship Nine in "Tiangong Wu Kai" said, "Whenever the ship board is closed, it is reinforced with white linen wadding, then fine lime is sieved and tung oil is mixed to adjust the ship." This is to use hemp wool and putty to oil the cracks in the ship plate to prevent water from entering.
4. Automobile lubricant. In ancient wars, traffic was dominated by many cars, and fat was the lubricant of axle in cars. Li Zhouguan has the official position of "towel car", and "towel car grease jurisdiction" in Thirty-one Years of Zuo Zhuan's "xianggong", that is, towel car is responsible for anointing the car jurisdiction to make it rust-free and smooth. Interpretation of name and car: "awkward, tangled, wrapped around the head." Wang Xianqian said, "I mean moire and ointment container, which are small things for chariots. If there is paste, it will be smooth, and the grain will be beneficial, so there is a paste device in the car "(Volume 7 of Explaining Names and Supplementing Certificates). According to Records of the Historian Biography of Mozi Xun Qing, Qi people praised him as "baking food", that is, baking food constantly, pouring out his paste, indicating that he was good at talking and gushing, and also indicating that he was resourceful and glib.
5. Do skin care and cosmetics. "Poetry Feng Wei Bo Xi": "From the east of Bo, my head is like a flying canopy. No ointment? Who is suitable? " This is a woman's monologue after her husband went to the East. The poem says: it's not that your unkempt hair is not oiled, but that you are not around. Who should I dress up for? Cream bath is to use oil as hair oil. Up to now, rural women in southern mountainous areas often use some vegetable oil (such as tea oil) as hair oil. "Qi Yao Min Shu" combined with Zephyr: "A good sake is soaked with incense, chicken tongue incense, agastache rugosa, alfalfa and Eupatorium odoratum, wrapped with new cotton, soaked in sesame oil for two parts, soaked in pig fat for one part, and put in a copper pot, that is, soaked in fragrant wine. Stir-fry for several times, then stir-fry the soaked incense until dusk, and bring the water to a boil. This is silky hair cream. In addition, the method of combining flour and fat: "Use bovine pith, and if there is less bovine pith, combine it with bovine fat. If there is no pulp, you can also use air fat. There are two kinds of warm wine bubble, stir-fry Zephyr, stir-fry together, and wear Artemisia annua to dye your hair. "This is clove skin cream." If you are lip fat, mix it with cooked fat and wrap it with clear oil. "This is an old lipstick.
6. medicinal. Use fatty oil or other drugs to treat diseases, especially skin diseases. The sixth volume of Qi Yaomin's Book lists many prescriptions for treating livestock, many of which use fat oil directly or not. Prescription for treating horse scabies: "Use realgar hair, fry it with pig fat in the twelfth lunar month to make the hair disappear, rub scabies to make them turn red, and apply hot compress to cure them." The other side: "burn cypress fat, apply it, good." The folk prescription for treating cattle lice: "Apply flaxseed oil to get pig fat, and all six livestock lice are treated with fat." Wait a minute. The prescriptions for treating diseases in Qian Jinzhi by Tang Sunsi include sesame oil, elk fat, white goose fat, duck fat and goose fat. There is a kind of "sheep honey cream" in Yuan Hushui's diet, which is composed of cooked sheep oil, sheep marrow, white honey, ginger juice and rehmannia juice. "Treating fatigue, backache, cough, pulmonary fistula, bone steaming" and so on. In Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, there are many detailed descriptions of treating diseases with various fatty oils.
7. Other uses. Grease the inner wall of pottery to prevent leakage. Qi Yao Min Shu, Volume 7, Tu Urn, Sixty-third time: "Whoever has no doubt about the size of the urn must be Tu Zhi ... a new kiln and hot grease coating, Daliang. If the buyer is in the market, apply grease first, not water. Painting: Dig the ground into a small round pit, make charcoal in the pit, close the urn on the pit and smoke. Counting by hand will burn people's hands, and then writing (diarrhea) hot fat in the urn will become turbid (slow flow), which will stop the fat from oozing out. Cattle and sheep fat is the first good, so is pig fat. People who use hemp seed fat will mislead people's ears. If the fat is not turbid, it will inevitably leak. " Ink is made of soot produced by incomplete combustion of oil. Song Zhao Wei Yan's "Cloudy Foothills Full of Banknotes" X: "Recently, Mo Gong used a sink to hold water, with a thick bowl in the middle, burning tung oil, covering the bowl, making people scoop coal and knead it with cow glue." It is recorded in Tiangong Wu Kai that tung oil, rapeseed oil and lard are used to make ink by burning tobacco, but the proportion is small, and most of them are used to make ink by burning pine smoke. In the Qing Dynasty, according to the literature general examination, industrial examination and petroleum industry, all kinds of animal and vegetable oils were also used to make soap, oil painting, fake paint and artificial leather.