Neanderthals, human fossils in the late Paleolithic period in northern China. It belongs to the late Homo sapiens. It is named after the cave found at the top of the Peking Man Site in Longgushan, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. The Cenozoic laboratory of China Geological Survey was discovered at 1930, and was excavated by Pei Wenzhong at 1933 to 1934.
Physical characteristics of cavemen: thick skull, long head, oblique forehead, low upper face, low eyes and wide pear-shaped cave. Cavemen have mastered the techniques of polishing and drilling holes, sewing clothes with bone needles, making artificial fires, gathering and hunting for a living, and fishing. The original inhabitants of Hemudu have used grinding stone tools, cultivated land and planted rice.
There are few stone tools found in the caves at the top of the mountain, such as chopping tools, scrapers and bipolar stone chips. There is an 82 mm long bone needle in the bone instrument. Small needle eye, sharp tip and smooth needle body indicate that cavemen can sew clothes with animal skins. The ornament is made of perforated animal teeth, mussel shells, stone beads, pebbles, upper bones of Siniperca chuatsi eyes and slotted bird bones. Bone needles and decorations show that Neanderthals used scraping, digging, drilling and grinding techniques. There are ashes in the ruins, which also shows the custom of burying the dead. The appearance of funerary objects and the scattered hematite powder beside the deceased show that there is a primitive religious concept.
From the evolutionary point of view, cavemen belong to late Homo sapiens. They have left the ranks of apes and entered the category of human beings, and their appearance and brain development are almost exactly the same as those of modern people.
In addition, cavemen have already had preliminary social behaviors. They establish kinship through maternal descent, use tools together, distribute food together, and so on. Then cavemen will exchange daily necessities and learn to sew clothes, which marks the beginning and origin of modern human beings.