Surplus grain: it is the surplus grain after deducting public grain, farmers' rations and feed grain seeds. This part can be used as emergency grain reserves or sold to a part of the country.
Ordering grain: This came relatively late. It seems that in the early 1980 s, farmers had a lot of grain in their hands, and the government's reserve facilities were backward, making it difficult for farmers to sell grain. In order to alleviate the farmers' difficulty in selling grain, the government ordered grain. It buys grain from farmers in the form of orders: first, farmers can hand it over to grain reserves. 2. Grain storage enterprises pay part of the down payment in advance, and the grain is still stored in farmers' homes. When the grain depot has storage capacity, farmers will pull the grain to the grain depot.
In the era of planned economy, the state requires production teams or farmers to buy. What is the purchasing task? These include grains, poultry, livestock and eggs. Among them, food is:
1. public grain: agricultural tax calculated according to cultivated land is converted into real object-grain collection. It's free and there's no need to pay. Some netizens said that the public grain was paid, but it was not. According to the statistics of the statistics department, each farmer contributes 30 Jin of public grain to the country on average every year.
In some places, if the cultivated land area is small and the grain produced is not enough for farmers' standard rations, it will be shared in the form of money, which is called "public grain payment". What is the standard ration for farmers? Most places I have been to are set at an average of 450 kilograms of rice per person per year (the standards vary slightly from place to place). In other words, the total grain output, excluding seeds, feed, reserves and production grain, should reach 450 kilograms per person throughout the year, and the part that cannot be reached should be paid in RMB.
Second, the purchase of grain: it is the purchase task assigned by the state, and it is purchased according to the national quotation.
Third, "three super-grain": that is, over-production, over-purchase and over-sale. That is to say, when the grain harvest is good, the state will not only increase the standard rations of farmers, but also buy more according to the quotation, and the standard rations of non-agricultural population will also be appropriately increased.
Bargaining grain: that is, the state buys grain from farmers in grain-rich areas at a price 20% to 50% higher than the national quotation, and farmers voluntarily trade.
Five, loyal food, contribution food, support food ...
Loyal grain is loyal to * * *, loyal to Chairman Mao, and mobilizing farmers to sell some loyal grain. ...
Contributing to food means that China should make more contributions to the world, mobilize and sell more food, and support "Asia, Africa and Latin America" ...
Disaster relief food, China has disaster areas every year, and more food is mobilized to support the disaster areas. ...
In short, there are many projects to buy grain from farmers, so that farmers can distribute their limited rations bit by bit. In particular, some grass-roots cadres (mostly commune secretaries) lied to increase grain production by reducing farmers' rations in order to show their political achievements, resulting in food shortage. ...
In that era of food shortage, farmers tightened their belts, shared joys and sorrows with the people of the whole country, and actively sold food to the country, which made great contributions. We should always remember the era of hard struggle and cherish the hard-won today!
Public grain is agricultural tax. For the convenience of farmers, the state allows farmers to pay grain directly instead of paying money, so it is also commonly known as "public grain". Public grain has a long history in China, and all feudal dynasties have to pay public grain. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's agricultural tax rate is 15%, which refers to perennial agricultural income. The object of collection is all units and individuals with agricultural income. Paying public grain is an obligation and no monetary compensation is given. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic, the national economy was poor. For a long time, public grain has been an important pillar of national financial resources. It has made great contributions to the development and construction of new China.
Surplus grain: Requisition of surplus grain is the behavior of the state to requisition surplus grain from farmers under certain historical conditions. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, everything had to be done and all walks of life had to develop, and industry was the top priority. The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea continues. In a word, the country needs big grain. At that time, the socialist transformation and the unified purchase and marketing of grain had not been completed. Call on farmers to pay surplus grain. At that time, every farmer had the habit of storing food. Surplus grain delivery is to hand over the grain that was rationed and surplus grain in that year to the state, support national construction, and the state buys it at a fixed price.
Ordering grain: it is a way for the state to buy farmers' grain in another specific historical period. The specific time is after the completion of socialist transformation in rural areas, the realization of agricultural cooperation and the improvement of the policy of unified purchase and marketing. The specific method is to coordinate the interests of the state, the collective and the peasants. After paying the public grain, you still need to complete the task of purchasing grain. In normal years, the state issues planting and purchasing indicators to production teams every year. Farmers pay according to the index to buy grain, and the state pays according to the price.
I am a 76-year-old man who has experienced that era. My answer is as follows:
Public grain, that is, agricultural tax, is given to the state free of charge, and no money is given.
Why is agricultural tax called public grain? Because the state collects agricultural taxes from farmers, farmers have no cash to pay, and they pay food for free instead of cash. Therefore, public grain is an agricultural tax. According to the national regulations, it is paid at 15.5% of the output of 400 kg per mu, which is about 60 kg per mu.
Ordering grain means purchasing grain in a unified way. Because at that time, the country was a planned economy, and grain was uniformly purchased and sold, which was referred to as unified purchase and marketing. In addition to agricultural taxes, most of the remaining grain should be sold to the state according to the quantity and price stipulated by the state at that time, and the state will pay farmers according to the price stipulated at that time. This part of grain, in some places, is called unified grain purchase, and in others, it is called ordered grain.
Surplus grain is the grain left after paying agricultural tax, paying the task of purchasing grain in a unified way and leaving rations. According to the policy at that time, this surplus grain must also be sold to the state at the price of grain purchased by the state. Under normal circumstances, this surplus grain is very small, and some places call it patriotic grain.
Public grain and ordered grain have been handed over for nearly forty years from the cooperation period to 2003.
Public grain, also known as grain requisition, is handed over to the national grain depot, and agricultural tax is offset without giving money. The task of public grain is mandatory and compulsory, and it is necessary to pay money. Ordering grain is the grain sold by members, and the ordering task is also mandatory and must be completed. The grain ordered is paid to farmers according to the national quotation. In the early 1980s, the price was 9.85 yuan per 100 Jin.
There are two names for public grain and ordered grain, one is to pay for grain, and the other is to pay surplus grain. In my opinion, it is more appropriate to say that food is more appropriate. The word "handing over surplus grain" is open to question. Even if the production team is still short of 1 to 2 months of rations every year, the procurement task must be completed. How can there be surplus grain? Didn't you see how food was distributed at that time? That is, first give the grain to the state, leave enough for the collective, and then distribute the grain to the members.
Speaking of public grain, some people regard it as agricultural tax, which is wrong. Public grain is public grain, land belongs to the state, distributed to farmers, and then to households. Public grain is paid at per mu yield 15.5%. This is a response indicator and must be filled in. It is the state's rations for urban population, workers, teachers and soldiers, and 65,438+05.5% is given by farmers for nothing.
Ordered grain is low-priced grain sold to the state for money. Every year, the state needs to prevent holidays, and when the public grain is not enough to eat, it is distributed to those who need it and have insufficient food.
Agricultural tax is the fee charged by the state to farmers. Farmers not only have to pay public grain, but also pay various prescribed fees, commonly known as the three-and-five-withdrawal system. Farmers don't have the money to pay the three-and-five-withdrawal system and agricultural tax, but only sell more ordered grain to offset the agricultural tax, which is also called profit retention.
How to collect agricultural tax is notified by the village. This township used to be called a commune, but it was changed to a township in the 1990s. When collecting agricultural taxes, township personnel follow the brigade, and brigade cadres follow the production team cadres to collect them. Collected are invoices for the sale of grain ordered by farmers. When you go back, calculate whether you can keep it, pay the agricultural tax, and refund it if it is not enough.
Therefore, some people don't know what public grain and agricultural tax are, and confuse agricultural tax with public grain, which is agricultural tax.
Why do I know? My father was the minutes of the meeting sent by the commune to the Federation, and later the Federation cancelled the accounting of the brigade. Because when he was in the League, he saw with his own eyes that the commune cadres killed the League cadres, and he was afraid, so he returned to the production team as an accountant from the brigade accountant and quit automatically a few years later. The book of that year was handed in, but the old one stayed and became my brother's exercise book.
Public grain, when the country was just liberated, was blank in industry and had no financial source. The tax allocated by the government to farmers is paid at 0/5% per mu/kloc, mainly grain. The rest are distributed according to the population of the village and the basic rations. The number of basic rations varies from place to place, generally between 420 and 500 Jin. If there is surplus, it is called surplus grain. Each village has a storeroom for storing surplus grain and seeds in the village. If someone in the village encounters difficulties or natural disasters, the village will take out the surplus grain and continue to distribute it or provide disaster relief. The unified purchase of grain means that the country is in financial difficulties and there is a disaster somewhere. The state buys grain from the countryside at a price lower than the market, and large groups buy it from the village. After the land is contracted, it is purchased from farmers. The amount varies from place to place, generally 40 kg. If it is useless or surplus, the state will sell it back to the poor farmers at a price lower than the market price, which is called anti-selling grain!
Public grain, surplus grain and ordered grain were all produced on the public land of China people led by China.
The original land belongs to the landlord. The farmer paid the rent. * * * to fight the landlord. The land was distributed to the whole people.
Paying food is an obligation. This is the agricultural tax. Other industries also pay taxes. The national tax is taken from the people and used by the people. There is no direct connection between paying taxes and making contributions. Paying taxes is compulsory. It's up to you to make a contribution.
He officially became a farmer in the middle and late 1960s. Public grain should be the general term for continuing the war of resistance and liberation. The official name should be "grain requisition", and some old people call it "money grain". This semester should be earlier. The word "levy" for grain purchase is tax, and the word "purchase" is purchase. It is a policy for the government to buy your food.
At that time, each team had a record book for purchasing grain, and the preface had a description of tariffs. The tax is set at second-class sorghum, and the grain quantity is fixed. First-class sorghum or crops with higher prices than second-class sorghum need enough food, and the excess is paid to the grain sales unit. Third-class sorghum or other crops with lower prices than second-class sorghum are not included in the grain purchase figures. In other words, a certain amount of grain needs to be purchased.
More than a decade ago, there was a chapter of "farmers" or "agricultural households" and "non-farmers" in the household registration book, which meant that farmers also had to eat their own food. The grain harvested in autumn should be taxed first, and the grain purchased should be kept as livestock feed. Only when 50% of the grain is completed can the population be divided into 320 Jin (sometimes 360 Jin), and then they can continue to buy grain.
Sometimes we support the army and love our country, but we can't sell the surplus grain. We must sell the army and love food.
In case of disaster, the quality of grain purchase must be reduced, and then sold back to farmers after verification. In another case, when the ration is less than 360,400 Jin, the grain is sold back to this value.
Let me talk about the differences in the definitions of public grain, surplus grain and ordered grain:
1) public grain is easy to understand. As we all know, according to the old people, no matter what age, there has been a saying that "grain is exhausted" since ancient times, which is the "imperial grain" given to the country free of charge, which is also a substitute for agricultural tax; Because farmers generally pay agricultural taxes in cash, they all pay with newly produced grain, so they also pay public grain. Their number is determined by the state. First, according to the average mu of population, calculate the amount of agricultural tax that everyone should pay from the county, township and brigade (which was also calculated during the production team period), and then distribute it to the production team or production team. Before 1977, each team handed it over to the grain depot designated by the state (usually to the township grain depot, and every township has a grain depot). Later, after the land was contracted, it was directly distributed to households (or shared) by the rural cooperative brigade. This is public grain. The reason why public grain is given to farmers is to offset the agricultural tax.
2) The so-called surplus grain means that when the production team or farmers pay public grain, they are afraid that they will not pay enough or pay it clearly once, and they will pay it again the second or third time. Before paying for public food, they must weigh it at home and then bring more when it reaches the quantity. This is because: first, I am afraid that the ten scales can't reach the standard quantity, and second, I am afraid that the quality will almost be discounted. After paying enough farmland, there may be a small part more. A discount on the weighing of the grain depot is enough. Ask the extra part first, and sell it or not. If it is sold, it will be surplus grain, and cash will be paid at the national price. This is the definition of surplus grain, that is, the amount left after paying public grain. At that time, when the years were not good, production teams or individuals usually took the surplus grain home for their own use.
3) After ordering food, the status is not enough. If more quotas are allocated, these countries will pay cash according to the pricing of the year, no matter how much food they order; This is also called overall grain planning, which is divided into two levels: county overall planning and township overall planning. This is also a grain reserve for counties and townships. Sometimes it is used for famine and poor harvest in autumn, which is difficult to buy, or for selling grain in the spring of next year, for fear that individual poor households will have no food to eat in the spring. Similarly, you should buy food with your own money.
Summary: public grain is necessary and no money is given; Surplus grain can be paid or not, as long as it is paid, it will be sold at the national price of the year; Ordering food is necessary, but the state pays the bill.
The contrast between the three is that two people must pay one to give money and one not to give money, public grain/order grain; The two currencies are ordered grain and surplus grain.
Answer over! Please forgive and correct me if there is anything wrong!