1. The essay examination is an examination of material analysis and control ability, problem-solving ability and writing expression ability.

2. Reference time limit for answering questions: 40 minutes for reading materials and 1 10 minutes for answering questions.

3. Read the given materials carefully, and then answer them in turn according to the requirements of the application. The answer is written in the specified location.

Second, information.

1. Why save it? This question seems redundant, but some figures may surprise you after reading it. At the "China Development Forum 2005- International Symposium on Building an Economical Society" held on June 24-26, 2005, Feng Fei, Minister of Industrial Economics of the State Council Development Research Center, said: "Although China ranks third in the world in total resources, its per capita resources rank 53rd in the world, which is only half of the world's per capita resources; The per capita freshwater resources in China are currently 0.4 of the world average of 65,438+,but with the population growth in China, the per capita freshwater resources will be less and less. It is estimated that by 2030, China will be listed as a country with severe water shortage. " Don't say I don't know, I'm shocked. On the one hand, the per capita resources are far below the world average, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource utilization in China is obviously low, and it is paying a huge resource price for the current rapid urbanization process.

2. In the process of rapid economic development in China, especially after the per capita gdp exceeds 1 000 USD, the structural changes are very remarkable. This change includes both changes in economic structure and consumption structure. Judging from the changes in economic structure, the characteristics of accelerated development of heavy chemical industry have emerged in recent years. The proportion of heavy chemical industry in industrial added value reached 67.6% last year. Heavy chemical industry is often an industry with high energy consumption and high resource consumption, and its accelerated development is the main reason for the shortage of resources and energy in recent years. Judging from the changes in consumption structure, especially the consumption structure of some urban residents is upgrading from the traditional "food, clothing and use" to "paying attention to transportation". The change and upgrading of consumption structure has led to the increase of resource consumption intensity and the change of use direction.

Another new situation is that there is a phenomenon of rapid urbanization in China, and the level of urbanization is increasing at an average annual rate of more than one percentage point, which is equivalent to the annual transfer from rural areas to cities and towns140,000 to150,000 people. At present, China's urbanization level is 4 1%, and it is expected to reach about 60% by 2020. Generally speaking, the per capita energy consumption of urban population is 3.5 times that of rural population. The large-scale transfer of rural population is an inevitable trend, which will inevitably increase the consumption of energy resources.

Another basic national condition is the lack of resources per capita in China. China ranks third in the world in total reserves of resources, but its per capita share ranks 53rd, which is only 1/2 of the world's per capita share. A large number of non-tradable resources, such as water resources, are only 1/4 of the world average. By 2030, China's per capita water resources will be 1.700 cubic meters, which may be listed as a country with serious water shortage. At present, China is already a water-deficient country. With the development of economy, the supply capacity and guarantee capacity of domestic mineral resources in China are also insufficient. Among the 45 important strategic resources, in 2020, we will have 9 kinds of serious shortages, 10 kinds of shortages. The so-called shortage means that the dependence of a certain resource on foreign trade is between 40% and 70%, and the serious shortage exceeds 70%.

3. At present, inefficiency and waste of resources are common in China, and the resource constraints are getting worse. Generally speaking, compared with developed countries and some developing countries, China's resource utilization rate is low. Of course, in the past 20 years (1980-2000), China has made remarkable progress in resource utilization efficiency, especially in energy consumption. During this period, the cumulative energy saving rate in China was 64%, while the international level was 19%. While gdp maintained an average annual growth rate of 9.6%, energy growth maintained an average annual growth rate of 4.6%, achieving the goal of half economic development * half energy development * energy conservation. However, in recent years, especially since 2002, the growth rate of energy consumption has exceeded the growth rate of gdp, and the restrictive effect of energy on the economy has begun to appear.

At present, China's resource waste is very serious, and the total recovery rate of mineral resources is about 30%, which is 20 percentage points lower than that of developed countries. Statistics show that only the leakage rate of urban water supply in China is above 20%. In terms of building energy consumption, China's energy consumption per unit area is equivalent to 2-3 times that of developed countries with similar climate. China's new building area is about 2 billion square meters every year, which is larger than the sum of the new building areas in developed countries, but energy-saving houses only account for 3.5% of the total. Therefore, in the process of rapid urbanization, if a large number of buildings with high energy consumption are produced every year, their service life is usually 70 to 80 years, which will not only cause great pressure on the current energy, but also endanger future generations. This problem must be solved now. Once a large number of buildings with high energy consumption are built, the cost and expense of future renovation will be even greater.

We have long proposed to change the growth mode of the national economy, but until now, the change of the growth mode has had little effect. China's economy is basically extensive, not intensive. On the surface, our industrialization and modernization have entered the middle and late stage, but careful observation is actually rough industrialization and rough modernization. Many products are rough, but not fine. Quantity is not quality. 1958 During the Great Leap Forward, the steel output was/kloc-0.7 million tons, which was actually produced in sintered iron and was realized by tens of millions of people going up the mountain to make steel and cut down forests. Of course, this is not the case now. China's steel output has reached more than 300 million tons, ranking third in the world with outstanding achievements. However, most iron ore must be imported from Australia and other countries from a long distance, with high price, high consumption of resources and electricity, and many high-quality steel products must be imported. According to the figures revealed by Ma Kai, director of the National Development and Reform Commission, at the international seminar on "Building an Economical Society", at present, the average energy consumption per unit product of eight high-energy-consuming industries, such as steel, nonferrous metals, electric power and chemical industry, is more than 40% higher than the world advanced level.

6. Xinhuanet Beijing, July 28th (Reporter Du Yu) A national social survey on "Building a Resource-saving City" for college students was launched on the 28th, aiming at encouraging young college students to actively participate in the activities of building a resource-saving city and a resource-saving society, to be "civilized and scientific" communicators, and to promote public participation in the process of environmental protection in China.

7. A post on the bbs of Beihang University denouncing the waste of water has aroused a warm response among netizens recently. According to the post, some students let the tap water flow nonstop when washing in the morning, which makes people feel distressed and angry.

An activity aimed at building an economical society is being carried out throughout the country. Obviously, it has also affected the students in [] university campus, as evidenced by the hot topic of saving water on the campus network bbs. Recently, the All-China Federation of Students also put forward the Convention on the Daily Behavior of College and Middle School Students in Building an Economical Society, calling on students to take practical actions to oppose waste and practise economy.

In contrast to the positive response to saving on the Internet, the phenomenon of waste still can be seen everywhere in the university campus. There are two barrels of leftovers in the dumping place in front of a restaurant in Beihang University, which will be full. The reporter saw at lunch time that many students threw more than one bowl of Lamian Noodles and more than one bowl of steamed bread into the swill bucket; Above the window of the dining room, it is impressively written that "frugality is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation".

However, after the country vigorously advocated the concept of a conservation-oriented society, college students began to reflect on their wasteful behavior. There are four boys in Beihang University and three computers in a dormitory. According to Qualcomm, one of the owners, the monthly electricity consumption of the dormitory is about 1.20 kwh, and there are no other appliances except computers and lights. And such a waste of electricity is entirely due to some people's computers being turned on for too long.

The excessive waste behaviors listed by college students are: frequently changing mobile phones, mp3 and other electronic products, and comparing consumption grades with each other; Some girls are obsessed with brand-name clothes and cosmetics, and they spend a lot of money to get superficial vanity; Some students spend precious time and money on online games, often staying up late, but dozing off in class during the day.

In contrast to the positive response to saving on the Internet, the phenomenon of waste still can be seen everywhere in the university campus. There are two barrels of leftovers in the dumping place in front of a restaurant in Beihang University, which will be full. The reporter saw at lunch time that many students threw more than one bowl of Lamian Noodles and more than one bowl of steamed bread into the swill bucket; Above the window of the dining room, it is impressively written that "frugality is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation".

However, after the country vigorously advocated the concept of a conservation-oriented society, college students began to reflect on their wasteful behavior. There are four boys in Beihang University and three computers in a dormitory. According to Qualcomm, one of the owners, the monthly electricity consumption of the dormitory is about 1.20 kwh, and there are no other appliances except computers and lights. And such a waste of electricity is entirely due to some people's computers being turned on for too long.

The excessive waste behaviors listed by college students are: frequently changing mobile phones, mp3 and other electronic products, and comparing consumption grades with each other; Some girls are obsessed with brand-name clothes and cosmetics, and they spend a lot of money to get superficial vanity; Some students spend precious time and money on online games, often staying up late, but dozing off in class during the day.

8. Xinhuanet Beijing, July 29th (Sun Xiaosheng, Yi Lee) "The annual garbage disposal cost in Beijing is as high as 654.38 billion yuan. If you reduce unnecessary over-packaging, you can save 200 million yuan. " Wang Weiping, a senior engineer of Beijing Municipal Administration Committee, once said this when talking about the packaging waste in Beijing.

It is generally believed that if the packaging cost exceeds 15% of the ex-factory price of the product, it belongs to "over-packaging". However, most of the packaging materials enter the garbage collection channel together with ordinary domestic garbage, which is removed by the sanitation department, which increases the treatment capacity and cost of urban domestic garbage. In addition, excessive packaging has also caused a huge waste of resources.

Statistics from the Ministry of Construction show that about 600,000 tons of over-packaged goods become garbage every year in Beijing. Over-packaging has caused a lot of waste while raising the price of goods. The reporter saw in the supermarket health care products area of a large shopping mall in Beijing that the nutrient solution contains coffee and American ginseng, which is beautifully packaged and has a high grade. The reporter picked up a box of "health tea" at will. In the huge wooden packaging box, the product only occupies the middle 1/3 area, surrounded by a circle of transparent glass, so the price of a box of tea is more than 400 yuan.

Gu lairu, director of the office of Beijing Chaoyang district garbage harmless treatment center, told reporters: "in recent years, the proportion of packaging materials in urban domestic garbage has increased?

Packaging waste has accounted for more than 35% of Beijing residents' domestic waste. "

Wang Weiping said that in recent years, the "packaging garbage" in cities has shown an obvious upward trend. Moreover, according to the current situation, considering all factors, it takes about 1 ton of garbage, which is more than 1 gram of gold.

9. It is reported that from 200/kloc-0 to 2004, Harbin produced an average of 6.5438 million tons of waste paper every year, including about 60,000 tons of waste paper shells, almost all of which came from over-packaging. The relevant person vividly made an analogy-if these discarded packaging paper shells are transported by cars with a load of 5 tons, they need to be loaded with 6.5438+0.2 million cars. According to the length of a car about 5 meters, it will form a queue of about 60 kilometers.

10. "Recycling 1 ton of waste paper can produce 0.8 ton of good paper, cut down less 17 trees, save 3 cubic meters of landfill space, save more than half of papermaking resources and reduce 35% of water pollution." At the meeting of the Standing Committee, Standing Committee Feng calculated an account when talking about building a conservation-oriented society: "If the country can recycle 6.5438+0.4 million tons of waste paper every year, it can produce 6.5438+0.65438+0.2 million tons of paper, cut down 238 million trees and save 42 million cubic meters of landfill space; If you can recycle 5 million tons of scrap steel, more than 200,000 tons of waste non-ferrous metals and a lot of waste plastics and glass every year, how many resources can you save and how much pollution can you reduce? "

Wang Weiping said that in recent years, the "packaging garbage" in cities has shown an obvious upward trend. Moreover, according to the current situation and considering various factors, it takes about 1 ton of garbage, which is more than 1 gram of gold.

9. It is reported that from 200/kloc-0 to 2004, Harbin produced an average of 6.5438 million tons of waste paper every year, including about 60,000 tons of waste paper shells, almost all of which came from over-packaging. The relevant person vividly made an analogy-if these discarded packaging paper shells are transported by cars with a load of 5 tons, they need to be loaded with 6.5438+0.2 million cars. According to the length of a car about 5 meters, it will form a queue of about 60 kilometers.

10. "Recycling 1 ton of waste paper can produce 0.8 ton of good paper, cut down less 17 trees, save 3 cubic meters of landfill space, save more than half of papermaking resources and reduce 35% of water pollution." At the meeting of the Standing Committee, Standing Committee Feng calculated an account when talking about building a conservation-oriented society: "If the country can recycle 6.5438+0.4 million tons of waste paper every year, it can produce 6.5438+0.65438+0.2 million tons of paper, cut down 238 million trees and save 42 million cubic meters of landfill space; If you can recycle 5 million tons of scrap steel, more than 200,000 tons of waste non-ferrous metals and a lot of waste plastics and glass every year, how many resources can you save and how much pollution can you reduce? "

1 1. With the rapid development of national economy, China's energy problem has been paid more and more attention. In 2005, the national electricity demand growth rate is expected to reach about 13%, and the electricity consumption will reach about 2,456 billion kWh, an increase of about 282.5 billion kWh compared with 2004. Although the installed capacity of new power generation in China is expected to reach 70 million kilowatts in 2005, it still cannot solve the problem of power shortage. Experts estimate that China's energy production capacity is far from the goal of quadrupling its GDP in 2020 compared with 2000, and energy shortage will persist for a long time.

Third, the application requirements

1. Please use 150 to summarize the main contents of the given materials. (20 points)

2. Put forward solutions to the problems reflected in the given materials, with no more than 350 words. (30 points)

3. 1500 words or so, discuss the problems reflected by the given materials from the perspective of self-selection. The center is clear, the content is substantial, and the discussion is profound and convincing. (50 points)

Simulated test paper one reference answer

1. Answer the prompt

China is a big country with a large population and relatively insufficient resources. Coupled with the rapid growth of extensive economic and the improvement of people's consumption level in recent years, China's energy problem is facing a severe test, and saving has become a major issue before the people of the whole country. If the energy problem cannot be solved, China's economic and social development will lose its foundation. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a conservation-oriented society.

2. Answer skills

Strengthen macro guidance and planning, and establish an economical national economic system. To build a conservation-oriented society, we must form a production model, a consumption model and a city construction model that are conducive to saving resources.

According to * scientific and technological progress and innovation, build a resource-saving technical support system?

Deepen reform and establish a system and policy system for saving resources. We should give full play to the role of market mechanism and economic leverage, pay attention to the use of price, taxation and financial means, and promote the conservation and effective utilization of resources.

Strengthen supervision and management, and resolutely stop all acts of wasting resources.

Strengthen the construction of the legal system and improve the system of laws and regulations for saving resources.

3. Answer skills

Building an economical society is the only way out.

All countries in the world should embark on the road of sustainable development, building a conservation-oriented society should be the same direction, and conservation should be the virtue of all mankind. But for China, this is particularly important and urgent.

China is facing a serious shortage of resources. China has a large population, but is not rich in resources. At present, the level of development is still very low, and the per capita gdp is only one tenth of that of developed countries, which requires vigorous and rapid development. The population of China has reached 65.438+0.3 billion, accounting for 65.438+0.5 of the world, and the peak will reach 65.438+0.6 billion or more. Cultivated land, water, energy, various minerals and other major resources, per capita ranked behind the world. For example, the per capita arable land is only 1 mu, which is the world average of 1/3, and it is still decreasing. It is extremely difficult to support yourself. If there is110 grain to be imported, it will crush the world grain market like oil, which is the world average level of110. China needs more than 5 billion tons of oil every year if it consumes according to the current standards of the United States, and the oil produced all over the world is not enough for China. Other mineral resources, such as water and important mineral resources, are now in crisis, and if there is no foresight, the prospect is very dangerous. In addition, the environment in China does not allow such consumption.

If it is difficult to blow this acre well, what should we do now? 3. 3. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4. 3. 3. 4. 3. 3. 4. 3. 4. 3. 4. 3. 4.

The adjustment of industry is the biggest saving. According to the national conditions of China and the spirit of * *, China must do something, develop and control in the process of industrialization. The transfer of low-level industries to China does not mean that the more the better. Those industries that gain a little economic benefit or foreign exchange at the expense of land, water, energy and minerals can't get it down. We should accelerate the upgrading of industrial structure and the transformation of traditional industries into emerging industries. The state should declare that the period of economic development at the expense of resources and environment is over and basically stop developing industries with high consumption, high pollution, low efficiency and low output in the future. All walks of life and provinces should plan, transition, reorganize and introduce industrial systems according to the spirit and specific conditions of * *, and formulate alternative development processes for traditional industries and emerging industries. We can no longer engage in extensive, extensive and low value-added production. Especially in the eastern region. The adjustment and upgrading of industrial system structure is the greatest saving. No matter how many difficulties there are, we must face them and do them.

This change cannot be done automatically according to market behavior. Here, the government's macro-control is very important. In other words, the government should plan, guide and standardize this, and guide and even force enterprises to embark on the right path with policies, laws and economic means.

To build a conservation-oriented society with the development of science and technology, we need to realize new industrialization, promote industrialization with informationization, move from traditional industries to knowledge industries, improve production efficiency, reduce production consumption and develop conservation-oriented products. China must have strong scientific and technological innovation ability and invention achievements, and the development of scientific and technological innovation is the driving force and supporting force for China to take the road of new industrialization. The state and society must increase R&; D investment, investment must be mainly used for development, application and applied basic research, there must also be channels and guarantees to turn inventions and patents into productive forces, and we must devote ourselves to the cultivation of talents and the development of human resources, otherwise everything will be empty talk.

Let's look at the pharmaceutical industry again. In such a big country, few important specific drugs and medical devices have independent intellectual property rights. Everyone has to buy someone else's patent, and the cost of a pill is only a few dollars. It seems that domestic medicine can only produce this calcium tablet as a health care product. I feel sad and ashamed for this. When can we have our own pharmaceutical industry?

It is urgent to carry out national education and establish the concept of saving. Building an economical society is the common task of the whole people and the country. Everyone must have the same understanding and work together to achieve the goal. According to the current situation, it is urgent to carry out national education and establish the concept of saving.

As people in socialist countries, they should have some ideals, have a direction, make some contributions to society and the country, and have a guideline for lifestyle pursuit. The selection criteria are the overall interests and long-term planning of the country and the nation. Nowadays, many people, especially the younger generation, have a poor understanding of this aspect. To carry out national education, we must first carry out national education and situation education, so that everyone can know whether the country and the nation can revitalize. Now is a strategic critical period; Fully aware of the grim reality that we are facing a comprehensive shortage of resources. It is necessary to carry forward the traditional virtues of hard work and plain living, diligence and thrift, abandon the wind of extravagance and waste, and let the whole society rise in righteousness and fall in evil spirits. We must choose the correct development mode and lifestyle to build a civilized, economical, clean and harmonious society.