Pharaoh is the king of ancient Egypt, and the pyramid is the tomb of Pharaoh. Why did Pharaoh build the pyramids? How were the huge pyramids built? Some people say that the pyramids were built by aliens. What is the truth?
If the legend about the bold and wonderful design of the pyramids can still be accepted by modern people, it is hard to imagine such a huge construction process. Pyramid of khufu is built by millions of huge stones. The average weight of each stone is over 2000 kg, and the largest stone is over 100 ton. These boulders were mined from the east bank of the Nile, that is to say, they were not loaded and unloaded by cranes or transported by trolleys. Herodotus, known as the "father of western historiography", once recorded that the stones used to build pyramid of khufu were mined from the "Arabian Mountain" (probably Sinai Peninsula).
However, we now know that most of the stones are mined locally, and the limestone used to decorate their surfaces is shipped from Tula mining area in Hedong. It was not easy to mine stones at that time, because people had no explosives and no steel. At that time, Egyptians used copper or bronze chisels to punch holes in rocks, then inserted them into wooden wedges and filled them with water. When the wedge was expanded by water, the rock cracked. This method may seem clumsy today, but it was a great technology more than 4000 years ago. It is also extremely difficult to transport from the quarry to the ruins of the pyramids. The ancient Egyptians put stones on sledges, which were pulled by people and livestock. Therefore, a wide and flat road is needed. It took 10 years to build the road for transporting stones and the catacombs of the pyramids.
When building pyramid of khufu, Khufu forced all Egyptians to work for him. They are divided into large groups of 654.38+10,000 people to work, and each large group has to work for three months. There are slaves among these workers, but there are also many ordinary farmers and craftsmen. Slaves in ancient Egypt transported huge stones to construction sites with the help of animal power and rolling logs. They also piled the sand from Zhou Tianran on the slope and pulled the boulder to the front of the pyramid along the slope. In this way, a layer of slopes and stones are piled up, and the pyramid is gradually increased. It took 20 years to build pyramid of khufu.
Later generations raised many questions about Herodotus' statement. But today, it is still a difficult problem that no one can give a satisfactory answer. How can people not admire the great strength and wisdom of the Egyptian people! In this century, with more and more extensive observation and research activities on flying saucers, some people even associate the mysterious pyramids with the aliens on the unpredictable flying saucers. They believe that thousands of years ago, humans could not have the ability to build pyramids, and only aliens could have them. After calculation, they also found that the earth is divided into two hemispheres by the meridian of pyramid of khufu, a suburb of Cairo, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere, and their land areas are equal. This "coincidence" is probably the intention of aliens to choose the site of pyramid construction.
However, a French chemist named David Duvis put forward a brand-new view on the construction of the pyramids. He thinks that the huge stones for building pyramids are not natural, but artificially poured. He got five small stones from the Egyptian pyramid of khufu from an archaeologist and tested them one by one. Unexpectedly, the test results prove that these stones are made of shell-like limestone. Although archaeology has proved that human beings have mastered the technology of making concrete thousands of years ago, it is hard to believe that these shells and limestone are so difficult to distinguish from granite. David Dewey speculated that the ancient Egyptians used the method of "breaking the whole into parts" when building the pyramids, that is, putting the mixed concrete into a basket and carrying it on or on the back of the pyramid being built. In this way, as long as you master certain skills, you can pour out the huge stones piece by piece and add towers layer by layer. This is "labor-saving" and labor-saving. According to his estimation, there were only 1 500 people working on the construction site at that time, not 65,438+10,000 people in each batch as Herodotus said.
More unexpectedly, the French scientist also found an inch-long human hair in the stone. This strand of hair may be a testimony to their hard work and brilliant wisdom. But these statements are still some guesses.
But in any case, the construction of the pyramids must have concentrated all the wisdom of the ancient Egyptians at that time, because there must be many problems to be solved. But all these problems have been solved. The pyramids have been built and stood for more than 4000 years, which is a miracle in itself. Therefore, it can be said that the pyramids are the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient Egyptian people and the symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization. Some people don't believe that simple cooperation can create miracles. They don't believe that humans on earth will create miracles like pyramids themselves, saying that they are the creation of whispers. This is obviously incorrect and does not help people to explore their own history and know their own abilities.
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For 4,500 years,
Egyptian pyramids
It is considered as the oldest of the Seven Wonders.
It is also the best preserved one.
But what about the ancient Egyptians?
Cutting, transporting,
Build pyramids hundreds of meters high,
Become one of the biggest unsolved mysteries on earth.
Now, we will use the most advanced visual technology.
The great project of recreating the pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu.
Ancient Egypt in 2480 BC was the early period of King Khufu's rule. Like every Pharaoh, he was ready to build a tomb a hundred years later at the beginning of his term. So, every summer, members of the royal family traveled all over the Nile Valley, selected strong men from each village as laborers, and built the Great Pyramid to serve the king. When you hear "in the name of the king …", the chosen one can only obey unconditionally.
The Nile regularly floods every year, flooding the land, nourishing the soil, making the cultivated land fertile and agriculture developed. Therefore, Egypt became one of the earliest countries in history that did not need to put all the labor force into agricultural production. The surplus labor can be used for other purposes, such as building pyramids. This big ship full of labor will wind up along the Nile, passing through cliffs and fields on both sides along the way, and its destination is Giza, south of Cairo 10 km.
According to Egyptian mythology, everything is a chaotic liquid at the beginning, and the first dry soil in chaos is in the shape of a pyramid, symbolizing life. But the ancient Egyptians, driven by some impulse, chose this shape symbolizing life to build the resting place of the dead. The newly appointed Pharaoh Khufu also came to the desert with the same impulse to witness the first and most important ceremony of his reign.
Before the completion of the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1889, the Great Pyramid was the tallest building on earth. But the behemoth must have originated from the flat ground, so stability is the key for such a huge building. The architect plans to use giant marble blocks, which are arranged layer by layer in a decreasing way, which is the most stable structure. After the site is selected, it shall be cleaned and leveled first, and then the foundation shall be laid by skilled masons. A large square marble floor will be the core of the pyramid.
After rough estimation, it is estimated that 5 million tons of stones will be needed to build the Great Pyramid. Although the demand is huge, most of it can be supplied near Giza. The quarry is in the south of the pyramid construction site, and about 1500 quarrymen work there. Since copper was the hardest metal possessed by ancient Egyptians at that time, every quarryman was equipped with a copper chisel. They used a copper chisel to cut a small hole in the boulder, hammered it into a wooden wedge and watered it. The force of wedge immersion and expansion can crack the stone. However, the copper chisel will become dull after dozens of strokes, so another group of people need to use torches to soften, sharpen and cool it with water, so that masons can use it again.
Each mined stone weighs more than 1 ton, and some even weigh two and a half tons. How to transport is a big problem. Giza Dang produces a very special kind of clay. Sprinkle water on the clay pavement so that heavy stones can slide on it. However, it is important to control the amount of water. It will be more laborious if there is not enough water. In places that are not suitable for sprinkling water, craftsmen will spread logs on the road surface and let the huge stones roll forward on the logs.
After the megaliths are concentrated in the ruins of the pyramids, they are cut and processed by special masons, and embedded in the place where they should be placed according to the marks marked on each stone. They can cut and polish each stone with a simple triangle and plumb hammer, so that the stones are closely connected, just like cement bonding, even after thousands of years of wind and rain erosion. Until now, it is difficult for people to insert sharp blades into cracks between stones.
The pyramid of Khufu has been built for 20 years, and it took more than ten years for its embryonic form to gradually emerge. At this time, it is necessary to build a long ramp so that workers can continue to transport stones to high places. Workers used the natural sand of Giza, bonded with gypsum and plaster, piled up a long slope and pulled the boulder towards the pyramid. Archaeologists estimate that the length-height ratio of the slope is about 10: 1, which is the best ratio to ensure convenient transportation and use the least building slope materials. However, as the pyramid gradually becomes higher, this long slope cannot be applied, because according to this calculation, the length of the slope leading to the top of the tower will reach an astonishing 4,800 feet, and the required building materials will be three times that of the Great Pyramid. Therefore, in the final heightening project, architects will choose to build spiral ramps that save materials.
Although marble is produced in Giza, it is still a great challenge to make more than 2 million boulders by hand in terms of the scale of the Great Pyramid. How the ancient Egyptians discovered such a huge amount of stones during the construction period has always been an unsolved mystery. The clues discovered by later generations in the south of the pyramid provide a possible answer to this question.
There is an opening 30 feet above the ground, which was blasted by explorers in the19th century. This is the only place where you can see the inside of the pyramid. It can be seen that the stones in the inner layer are much rougher than those seen outside, and they are all composed of stones of different sizes, and some are even as small as rubble. In other words, unqualified stones are filled between the neat outer stones and the inner graves of the pyramid. This may be the way for the ancient Egyptians to speed up the construction.
With the pyramid getting higher and higher, architects must consider the layout of the tombs inside the pyramid and reserve a corridor leading to the tombs. There are three tombs in pyramid of khufu. The first one was built when the foundation was built, because it was 600 feet underground. The second place, about 100 feet high inside the pyramid, is the so-called "Queen's Tomb", which has been empty since it was excavated. In 2474 BC, construction began on the third highest and most important mausoleum, which will be the last resting place of King Khufu. At the same time, the big corridor leading to the mausoleum began to be built. The corridor is 153 feet long, and the inner wall is closely connected with the giant polished limestone slab.
Ten years after the construction of the Great Pyramid began, a barge brought some special goods from Yaswan quarry, 250 kilometers away: nine huge granite stones. Each piece weighs more than 50 tons and needs 200 people to move it. Of the millions of stones that built the Great Pyramid, they are the most important. The holy tomb is the center of the pyramid and must be protected. When the Pharaoh's mausoleum is completed, these nine pieces of granite will be used to build the roof above the mausoleum. The architect will draw a center line on each granite with red and stone to center the boulder. But how can such a huge weight be evenly distributed? The size and weight of the boulder bring great difficulties. If stacked directly, granite will break. Finally, in order to disperse the great pressure between the stacked boulders, the architect placed a triangular wedge between each layer of granite, so that the weight could be dispersed outward instead of downward. Five of the nine stones were finally used, leaving four gaps in the middle. These gaps are 3.5 feet high and people can climb through them. Therefore, the workers who participated in the construction of the pyramids at that time were able to leave some graffiti on the walls between the gaps and spell out some names at will. In some places, you can also see the reference lines drawn by red and jade stones.
When the Great Pyramid was built to a height of about 100 meters, the materials of the last third height could not be transported from the main slope, so architects built a spiral "winding mountain" ramp based on the Great Pyramid to avoid the extra huge project of heightening the main slope. The handling and handling of the pyramid-shaped top stone is more cautious than other stones, because its side is very smooth, so masons specially made a stone bolt protruding outward from the bottom, and the workers rotated the stone to make the stone bolt match the groove of the stone below and fix the top stone.
After the top stone is in place, the pyramid has actually been built, but the outer tower needs final repair. The spiral ramp at the periphery needs to be removed, and the inclined slate is added to make the appearance of the pyramid smooth and flat. When the Great Pyramid was finally completed, all the sides were polished and polished, which looked very dazzling under the sunlight, which was very different from the pyramids we see today. The pyramids we see now don't have sloping stones-because they were taken away as building materials when Cairo was built in the Middle Ages.
In 2460 BC, the immortal tomb was built. A big stone road to the east of the Great Pyramid leads to a temple on the Nile. It will be used as a temporary storage place for the remains of Pharaoh Khufu. After the Pharaoh's mummy was transferred to the inside of the pyramid, according to the custom of ancient Egypt, it was first placed in the underground tomb, then transferred to the second tomb, and finally the coffin was transferred to the third tomb and put into the sarcophagus.
Astrology is the basis for the ancient Egyptians to measure everything. In their eyes, the periodic flooding of the Nile can be referenced in the starry sky, and their calendar also depends on the movement of the stars in the night sky, so the construction process of the Great Pyramid is also indispensable. The ancient Egyptians called a specific position in the starry sky "the invulnerability of all things" (we called it Gong Ji Star), and they thought it was eternal, and they were full of respect for it. On the north wall of the king's tomb, there is a small passage, which passes through the layers of stone walls and goes straight to the outer wall of the pyramid. This hole is located like a telescope, aiming at the "invincible" in the night sky.
The ancient Egyptians believed that the Pharaoh would go through a journey to heaven after his death. There are many descriptions of this journey in hieroglyphics: Pharaoh will become a falcon, or rise with the help of natural forces such as storms, hail and lightning. No matter what the process is, this journey will always end in the same mysterious way: Pharaoh will meet the Invincible and start another journey together.
Ancient Egyptian architects thought they had completed a resurrection machine, which could create immortality. "In the name of the king ..." The real meaning of this sentence should be: "In the name of the king, with our hands, make him immortal."
A Pharaoh died, but he seems to be still with the builders. Just like the Nile floods every year, the wheel of destiny keeps running, and all living things will not really disappear. In the past 4,500 years, the peripheral stones of pyramid of khufu have been plundered and removed, but the Great Pyramid still stands, which proves the confidence of the builders: it is one of the things closest to eternity on earth, and its existence proves the wisdom of human beings.
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