A brief introduction to Hakka folk songs
Hakka folk songs, known as the sounds of nature with the legacy of the Book of Songs, have a history of more than 1000 years since the Tang Dynasty. It mainly spreads in Meizhou, Heyuan, Huizhou, Ganzhou, Longyan and Shaoguan counties, Yantian, Longgang, Shiyan and Guanlan in Shenzhen, Chaoyang, Chaonan, Shanwei Luhe and Lufeng in Shantou, Jiexi in Jieyang, Raoping in Chaozhou, Hezhou, Bobai and Luchuan in Guangxi, Nanfeng in Danzhou, Hainan. After continuous development, Hakka folk songs have attracted the attention of the world. On May 20th, 2006, Meizhou Hakka folk songs were approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
It inherits the traditional style in the Book of Songs, is greatly influenced by the laws of Tang poetry and Zhuzhi Ci, and at the same time absorbs the excellent elements of folk songs from all over the south. For thousands of years, it has been widely circulated and sung for a long time.
Hakka folk songs include labor songs, exhortation songs, industry songs, juggling songs, bravado songs, metaphysical songs, flip songs, riddle songs and guessing tunes, minor, bamboo song and so on.
The structure of all kinds of lyrics is roughly the same, with four sentences and seven characters each, and every one, two or four sentences are even.
Her tunes are rich, including chant folk songs, official folk songs, four eight-section folk songs, allegro folk songs, overlapping folk songs and five folk songs.
Second, the source
Hakka folk songs are one of the most influential and important Hakka folk songs. They are sung in Hakka dialects, inherited the traditional style of The Book of Songs, and were greatly influenced by the laws of Tang poetry and Zhuzhi Ci in later generations. At the same time, they absorbed the excellent elements of folk songs from all over the south, and became unique in style. From the theme content, it includes labor songs, exhortation songs, industry songs, juggling songs, current political songs, ritual songs, love songs, life songs, children's songs and guessing tunes, minor, bamboo song and so on. There are rich tunes, mainly songs of Haozi and Zhengban, four songs of eight stanzas, allegro, stacked banban, five banban and so on, and the melody is very beautiful. The structure of all kinds of lyrics is basically the same, with 4 sentences each and 7 words each, and every one, two or four sentences are more flat; Good use of figurative techniques, especially puns, vivid and popular language, rhyming catchy.
Third, the formation background of Hakka folk songs
Hakka folk songs are the oral literature of Hakka people, which are rich in Hakka language characteristics and form an independent branch of folk songs. Because of the environment, Hakkas work in the fields and mountains all day, and both men and women come out, no? Men are outside, women are inside? The strict difference. Most of the Hakkas' personalities are simple and hard-working, and they are rarely lazy and grandiose, which preserves the atmosphere of the ancient Central Plains people. All these have something to do with the emergence of Hakka folk songs. Any kind of art has its social background and historical origin. There are four reasons why folk songs are popular in Hakka areas:
First, Hakka people are mostly distributed in the mountainous areas of southeast China, and their daily life is related to? Mountain? Have sex, and Hakka custom is that women and men are also engaged in various operations in the mountains. In the long-term work in the mountains, it is expected that men and women will confide in each other, while folk songs are rhyming words, which can express their feelings better than ordinary languages.
Secondly, Hakka people live in mountainous areas and work hard. Once they go to the mountains or Haranoya, they feel elated and want to sing some songs to vent their feelings.
Thirdly, in the old days, because there was no other relatively complete and universal folk entertainment, Hakka people could not get proper catharsis of their usually suppressed emotions, and singing folk songs was a popular entertainment, so both men and women generally loved it.
Fourthly, in Hakka society, the old ethical code is strictly bound. Usually, in the family or in the countryside, strict boundaries are maintained between men and women. Except for the relationship between husband and wife, social activities between men and women are very rare. Even between husband and wife, there are few easy life programs. Because of the strict restraint at home, it seems that the spirit has been liberated when I go to the mountains, so I will naturally sing folk songs.
As far as the content and nature of Hakka folk songs are concerned, they can be roughly divided into the following three types: first, they are narcissistic or self-venting, and they may not have an object when singing, and sometimes they can hum a few words casually by themselves to relieve their boring mood. Second, it belongs to the folk songs of flirting between men and women, which is the most important part of Hakka folk songs. Third, it belongs to a playful ballad, that is, one of the men and women sings a folk song to the other party in a playful manner, and if the other party reacts, they ridicule each other with folk songs. If there is no response, it can be seen that she (he) is an honest person who can't sing folk songs, so it can be more indulgent.
Fourth, the category
Chanting folk songs are also called folk songs. Use more? Yo-ho, huh? Equal contrast words, only one Changle sentence, are carried out between two or three adjacent sounds in the high-pitched area, scattered board, free rhythm, singing with falsetto and high voice.
Zhengban folk songs are also called four Banshan folk songs. It is composed of four phrases with neat and symmetrical structure, and it is the most common form of Hakka folk songs.
Four verses and eight verses of folk songs have four lyrics, and eight verses mean eight phrases. It is to divide the lyrics of 1 sentence into two phrases to sing, with more lining words in the words. Its tune is developed on the basis of folk songs on the official board.
Allegro folk songs are also called allegro folk songs. The lyrics have no interlining, and the tunes have no drawling. It is sung with the tune of folk songs, tightening the rhythm and speeding up the speed.
Stacked folk songs are also called stacked folk songs. There are many overlapping words and sentences inserted in the lyrics, sometimes as many as 10 words. At the beginning and end of the tune, the characteristics of folk songs are basically retained, while in the middle, the tune is expanded due to the use of overlapping words and sentences, which is almost like a few boards when singing.
The lyrics of the five Banshan songs are 7 words and 5 sentences, and the tune is the expansion of the official Banshan songs.
V. Expression techniques
Hakka folk songs often use various vivid expressions to turn intangible thoughts and emotions into concrete, visible, vivid and touching artistic images, mainly including: metaphor, pun, overlapping, direct narration, contrast, parallelism, duality, truthfulness, exaggeration and word separation. such as
Lang has a heart to come to his sister, and they are like threads and needles;
The silver needle never leaves the silk thread, and the silk thread never leaves the silver needle.
Does this folk song use metaphors? Like? Directly compare the inseparable relationship between men and women to the needle and thread that have never been separated, which is easy to understand, visible, sincere and vivid.
Hakka folk songs have a wide range of themes, implicit artistic conception, good use of figurative techniques, especially puns, vivid and popular language and catchy rhymes. Such as:? Lang has a heart to come to his sister, and the iron pestle is ground into an embroidery needle; Lang is the needle to come to the sister to tie the thread, and the needle is three steps to find it. ? Does this folk song use metaphors? Like? Directly compare the inseparable relationship between men and women to a needle and thread that has never been separated, which is easy to understand, visible, sincere and vivid; ? Olives are not round when they eat, and acacia doesn't dare to talk nonsense; Mute eating a single chopstick, thinking that it is hard to say in pairs. ? This song uses vivid metaphors and puns to express the feelings of lovesickness, telling that the admirer wants to form a couple with him, but it is difficult to speak. It is euphemistic, implicit and intriguing.
Sixth, artistic features
1. Strong feelings and rich imagination
New ring nine serial, a serial for nine years;
Ninety-nine is still eighty-one, and we still love to be friends for nineteen years.
Everything in Hakka folk songs is emotional and alive, and the ring was originally an emotionless ornament, but the ring in the song became a witness of love, showing the passionate love between men and women who have been married for a hundred years.
2. The image is vivid and the artistic conception is fresh.
When you enter the mountain, you see vines entwined with trees, and when you leave the mountain, you see trees entwined with vines;
If a tree dies, a vine will haunt it to death, and if a vine dies, so will a tree.
With the specific image of Brawly entangled in the mountains and inseparable from death, it is a metaphor for the noble feelings and strong will of a pair of lovers who are faithful to love and fall in love with life and death. The song not only depicts a vivid image, but also contains feelings in the scene and conveys feelings through the scene, forming a harmonious, fresh and beautiful artistic conception.
3. Lyric narration and seamless integration
Seeing that my sister is carrying a hundred and twenty-three, my brother is surprised;
I wonder how much I can share with you, but I dare not speak when I see too many people.
The song narrates that Hakka girls are hardworking and capable, carrying 120 or 30 kilograms for a long distance, which makes men feel surprised and distressed, and at the same time, it depicts in detail the complex feelings of young men who are both concerned about their lovers and shy.
4. Feeling things is things, natural and smooth
Newly built a big house with four squares, and made a class to do the next class;
I made three rooms and three sets and asked my sister if she loved the gallery (Lang).
Folk songs test the meaning of lovers through the structure of Hakkas' houses, which is implicit, appropriate and vivid. The listener seems to see a simple and honest young man eager to know the girl's mind, so he uses things to express his feelings. Gallery? With? Lang? With a pun, he skillfully and tactfully tested his beloved girl.
VII. Inheritance and Development of Hakka Folk Songs
1. Inheritance
Hakka folk songs have beautiful melodies, and almost all of them have decorative sounds such as vibrato, sliding sound and leaning sound, which makes the melody circuitous and euphemistic. Hakka folk songs have a variety of vocals, including Songkou original board folk songs, Meixian district folk songs, Xingning Luogang folk songs, Jiaoling Changtan folk songs, Tai Po Xihe folk songs and so on. Hakka folk songs have a wide range of themes, implicit artistic conception, good use of figurative techniques, especially puns, vivid and popular language and catchy rhymes. Such as:? Lang has a heart to come to his sister, and the iron pestle is ground into an embroidery needle; Lang is the needle to come to the sister to tie the thread, and the needle is three steps to find it. ? Does this folk song use metaphors? Like? Directly compare the inseparable relationship between men and women to a needle and thread that has never been separated, which is easy to understand, visible, sincere and vivid; ? Olives are not round when they eat, and acacia doesn't dare to talk nonsense; Mute eating a single chopstick, thinking that it is hard to say in pairs. ? This song uses vivid metaphors and puns to express the feelings of lovesickness, telling that the admirer wants to form a couple with him, but it is difficult to speak. It is euphemistic, implicit and intriguing.
Hakka folk songs have strong artistic imagination. Such as:? New ring nine serial, a serial for nine years; Ninety-nine is still eighty-one, and we still love to be friends for nineteen years. ? Everything in Hakka folk songs is emotional and alive, and the ring is originally an emotionless ornament, but it is usually made more? A token of love? Therefore, the ring in the song has become a witness of love, showing the passionate love between men and women who have been married for a hundred years; ? Seeing that my sister is carrying a hundred and twenty-three, my brother is surprised; I wonder how much I can share with you, but I dare not speak when I see too many people. ? The song narrates that Hakka girls are hardworking and capable, and they can carry 120-30 Jin for a long distance, which makes men feel surprised and distressed. At the same time, it depicts in detail the complex mood of young men who are both concerned about their lovers and shy, lyrical and seamless.
2. Development
Xu Peidong, a famous composer, believes that Hakka folk songs have been circulated for thousands of years, retaining many elements of ancient sayings, and have high appreciation value. As an art form, it should also keep pace with the times, innovate on the basis of the original folk songs, examine folk songs with today's vision and the characteristics of the times, and take this as inspiration to integrate Hakka customs into the creation of songs.
Chen Xiaoqi, a famous composer, pointed out that Hakka folk songs, due to language limitations, limited its spread in the whole country. However, its melody is second to none in the whole country, and its arrangement can be greatly changed, and its structure is only four or five sentences, so there is more room for development. He said that the creative material of Hakka music is very rich, and the art world has not fully explored it.
Yan Su, a famous ci writers, believes that Hakka folk songs have great potential and value for artistic development. He said:? The impromptu singing and implicit artistic conception of Hakka folk songs, as many as 100 kinds of tunes touched everyone's inspiration. We will use the music melody of Hakka folk songs to create a number of new folk songs with a sense of the times and Hakka flavor, and carry forward Hakka folk songs. ?
Experts believe that to revitalize and prosper Hakka folk song culture at present, we should take a two-pronged approach: we should not only sort out and preserve the original folk song materials, but also encourage the creation of new folk songs with the flavor of the times. The combination of tradition and the times will make traditional folk songs glow with the artistic charm of the times, thus driving and promoting the development of local economy.