Feng Ru (冯如 1883-1912) China's first airplane manufacturer and aviator. No. Ding San. He was a native of Enping, Guangdong Province. Born in a poor peasant family, at the age of 12, went to San Francisco with his uncle to earn a living. At the age of 12, he went to San Francisco with his uncle to earn a living, he was young and ambitious, worked as a laborer during the day, studied science at night, and tried his best to master the technology of machine manufacturing, and after the successful test flight of the world's first airplane in 1903, he came up with the idea of manufacturing airplanes to save the country, and when the Russo-Japanese War broke out in China in 1905, he once said, "If I can get thousands of millions of airplanes to guard the ports of China, it will be able to solidify our barn and be enough to deter the strong neighbors. " From then on, he began to devote himself to the aviation industry and vowed, "If I don't succeed, I will not die!" In the patriotic Chinese vigorously funded the establishment of the aircraft manufacturing company, after a lot of hard work, to overcome countless difficulties. Finally, in 1909, the first airplane was successfully manufactured. In the following year, the company produced the "Dunyi former system" aircraft with advanced performance in the world, and in October, the company participated in the flight competition organized by the International Aviation Association, and created the achievement of flying at an altitude of more than 230 meters and a distance of more than 30 kilometers, with a speed of 104 kilometers per hour, and won the first place in the competition. In March 1911, he declined the offer from the United States and took two homemade airplanes with him to the motherland. After the Wuchang Uprising, he joined the revolution and was appointed by the Guangdong military government as the chief pilot of the aircraft fleet. In order to open up the people's wisdom and publicize the knowledge of aviation, on August 25, 1912, when he made a flying performance for the people in Yantang, Guangzhou, he unfortunately crashed and died of serious injuries. On his deathbed, he encouraged his assistants "not to lose their enterprising spirit because of this" (for the above quotation, see "Chinese Aviator Feng Junru's Memoirs", Oriental Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 5), and he never forgot the cause of aviation in his country until his death. In accordance with his wishes, he was buried in Huanghuagang.
Xu Shou
China's late Qing Dynasty scientists. Jiangsu Wuxi. An important figure in the history of modern chemistry in China. He wrote a lot of books in his life, mainly in chemistry, "Chemistry Jianyuan Supplement", "chemical test quality", "chemistry to find the number of" and other books. His works systematically introduced the main content of chemical knowledge in the 1870s and 1880s. In addition, he founded the "Gezhi Shuyuan" (Gezhi is Ge Shi Zhi Zhi Zhi Zhi, a general term for physics and chemistry at the end of the Qing Dynasty) in Shanghai in 1875, where he gave public lectures on the knowledge of natural sciences, and also conducted demonstration experiments in chemistry, which played an important role in promoting the development of modern chemistry in China. Oxygen is the name of Xu life name. He believed that human survival can not be separated from oxygen, so it is named "gas" that is, "the quality of gas", and later, in order to unify the "oxygen" instead of the word "! The word "oxygen" was later replaced by "oxygen" for the sake of unification, so it was called "oxygen".
Xu Jianyin (1845 ~ 1901) modern military engineering scientist, the word Zhonghu. Jiangsu Wuxi. Scientist at the end of the Qing Dynasty. His father Xu Shou is the pioneer of modern chemistry in China. Since childhood by his father's influence, love of natural science. 1861 (Xianfeng eleven years) with his father in Anqing ordnance office. When Xu Shou was researching and building China's first ship "Yellow Swan", he "repeatedly came up with strange ideas to support it", and after 1867 (Tongzhi six years), he served as a commissioner in Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau and assisted his father in developing many ships, which was the first step in China's shipbuilding industry. Xu Jianyin's father and son collaborated with westerners Fu Lanya and Jin Kai Li to translate the Western scientific and technological treatises, such as "Chemical Fractions", "Cold Machine Dimensions", "Theory of Cannon and Iron Armor", and so on. In the meantime, Xu Jianyin and Fu Lanya founded the Gezhi College in Shanghai, which played a model role in spreading modern scientific knowledge and organizing modern scientific education. 1875 (the first year of Guangxu), Ding Baozhen, the governor of Shandong Province, hired Ding Baozhen to organize the Shandong Machinery Bureau (the predecessor of present-day Shandong Chemical Industry Factory) in Jinan, and he was appointed as the general manager of the factory. The factory was founded without the use of foreigners, from the site selection to planning and design, construction and installation, are devoted to it, Xu Jianyin, "a good idea, pro-standard gauge, a person enough to offset the number of foreign craftsmen," by the Qing government praised. The following year, shandong machine bureau was completed and put into production. 1879 (Guangxu five years) in June, was transferred north to Germany in the name of the second counselor in Germany to Germany, Britain, France and other countries to carry out a technical survey, wrote "European Tour Miscellany" 2 volumes, for China's earliest foreign inspection of one of the engineers and technicians. 1886 (Guangxu twelve years) in the office of the jinling bureau, the use of the western legal system into a new type of breech shotguns and steel casting. In 1889 (Guangxu fifteen years), when the new law, served as agricultural and industrial supervision. Later, he was appointed as the transfer of Mawei Shipyard of Fujian Shipbuilding Bureau, the general manager of Hubei Province, the supervisor of Security Gunpowder Bureau and Hanyang Steel Pharmaceutical Factory, and was killed in March, 1901 (Guangxu 27th year) when he was trying to make smokeless drugs with his staff at the Steel Pharmaceutical Factory. He was the author and translator of more than 40 kinds of books, such as The Complete Book of Shipbuilding, The New Book of Military Science, The Chemical Subplot, The Essentials of Mine Record, and The Miscellany of European Travel.
Zou Boqi (1819-1869) was a native of Uchong, Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. He was influenced by his father who taught in a private school in the countryside since he was young, and had more knowledge of traditional culture, especially a strong interest in arithmetic. Zou Boqi's perception was so high that when western scientific knowledge was introduced to Guangdong, he blended the essence of Chinese and western cultures through self-study, and studied optics, mathematics, astronomy, surveying and mapping, mechanics, chemistry, and geography on his own.
Zou, at the age of 25, had already created his own "square grid map drawing method" with reference to Western map mapping techniques to draw the entire Chinese map - "Emperor's Opinion", which was completed in the 24th year of the Qing dynasty's Daoguang period (1844) (1 total map, 66 sub-maps). (1 total map, 66 sub-maps). The completion of the map showed a breakthrough in traditional map-making technology, and was recognized as one of the major achievements of modern Chinese science and technology.
He was very knowledgeable about astronomy, mathematics, optics and geography. South China Sea County Records said he was "especially good at astronomy and calendar, can extract the Chinese and Western say and through, for our Guangdong to the famous Confucian has not." Zou Boqi in the collation and study of China's earliest astronomical and calendar works, "Zhou Thigh Calculating Classic", achieved a lot of results for the history of the famous astronomers not as much. He utilized the advanced clock and watch machinery at that time, and designed and manufactured a number of astronomical instruments, such as the armillary sphere and the "Seven Political Instruments". He was also good at using astronomical knowledge to dispel superstitions. At that time, the folk have legend Daoguang nineteen years of the day of the burning of opium, it is the Tai Bai star through the sky, so that the Tai Bai through the sky is the omen of war and military chaos. So he talked in the South China Sea Palace, pointed out that the star change and disaster is not related to the wind, he drawings to illustrate the image of teaching, and predicted that the second year of the Taibai star to appear again. Later, this proved to be true.
Zou Boqi's mathematical achievements are reflected in his series of writings for the Chinese mathematical community at the time to fill a number of gaps. He wrote "learning to count a gain" two volumes and "supplement small er ya interpretation of weights and measures" volume, with mathematical knowledge to explain the Confucian scriptures; "multiplication Jiefa" three volumes, the nth root of binomials and logarithmic power series of the expansion of the formula for in-depth discussion, expanding their applications; and also wrote "logarithmic ruler" volume, explaining the structure of the calculator ruler and the role of the ruler and its role in the numerical calculations.
Zou Boqi also made remarkable achievements in optics. At the age of twenty-six, he wrote the Supplement to Gejutsu. In it, the mathematical method of plane mirrors, lenses, lenses and other imaging laws; glasses, telescopes, microscopes and other optical instruments to explain the working principle. He made a comprehensive study of photography (then known as photogrammetry) and personally built a camera, with which he took his own photographs, which are still preserved in the Guangzhou Museum. His "Record of the Instruments of Photography" and another manuscript discussing the principles of optics, the making of dark boxes, the manufacture of photographic plates, and the methods of shooting and developing were the first systematic and comprehensive works on photography in China, which had just been introduced into the country at that time, and which played a great role in spreading and popularizing photographic techniques.
Zou Boqi was engaged in a wide range of scientific and technological research. He drew a volume of the "Opinion Map", a famous map of the Qing Dynasty, and he authored the four volumes of "Measurement Preparation", which described in detail the methods of drawing maps. Because of his great achievements in scientific research, Zou Boqi was elected in 1857 to be the head of the Guangdong Xuehai Hall, a famous institution of learning in Guangdong at that time.
Li Shanlan (1811.1.22～1882.12.9) was a mathematician, astronomer, mechanic, and botanist in the Qing Dynasty of China. Formerly known as Xinlan, his name was Imshu, and he was known as Autumn Sewing. He was born in Haining County, Zhejiang Province, on December 28, 15 Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty (January 22, 1811), and died on October 29, 8 Guangxu (December 9, 1882) in Beijing.
He studied arithmetic from a young age, and in 1852 he met the missionaries Andreas and Joseph Eyre in Shanghai, where he collaborated with them in translating Western texts. In 1852, he met missionaries such as Willem-Alexander and Joseph Eyre in Shanghai, and collaborated with them in translating a variety of Western works on natural science. In the field of astronomy, he and Weiliyali translated the book "Outline of Astronomy" written by British astronomer J.F. Herschel, the Chinese translation of which was called "Talking about Heaven" and was published in the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859 AD). The book *** eighteen volumes, a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of astronomy at that time, such as astrometry, celestial mechanics, the movement and nature of the solar system of the celestial bodies, sidereal astronomy, the Milky Way and extragalactic nebulae, knowledge of calendars and so on. A series of new astronomical discoveries, such as stellar annual parallaxes, optical aberration, asteroids, Uranus, Neptune, etc., were introduced to China for the first time in Talking about the Heavens. In the preface, Li Shanlan explained that the heliocentric system and the elliptic law, etc. were objective realities, not assumptions made for the purpose of projection. He criticized the attacks on the Copernican doctrine by Ruan Yuan and others. The publication of the book Talking about the Heavens led to the first systematic introduction of modern astronomy into China. Li Shanlan studied the problem of solving algorithms for the elliptical orbital motion of celestial bodies, and authored two volumes of Elliptic Positive Technique Solution, one volume of Elliptic New Technique, and three volumes of Elliptic Gleanings. Elliptic Positive Technique Explanation is an explanation of the book Elliptic Positive Technique written by his good friend Xu Younong. The New Art of Ellipses, on the other hand, presents his own method of solving the problem. The most important of these is that he used the infinite series to solve Kepler's equations for the first time in China. The method of expanding the series is his own method of finding the series back, which he developed on the basis of the work of previous Chinese mathematicians. Gleanings from Ellipses presents various geometric properties and propositions about ellipses. Li Shanlan is also the author of three volumes of Lin De Jie Jie Xie (Explanation of Lin De Techniques), a study of the Lin De Calendar by Li Chunfeng of the Tang Dynasty, its method of interpolating quadratic differences and its influence on the Yuan Dynasty's Calendar of the Granting of Time. In his book, "Heavenly Calculations or Questions", he summarized twenty mathematical and astronomical questions that he had answered with his students. Among them was his improved method and formula for fixing the latitude of sidereal meridian observations. He also wrote a variety of works on mathematics, such as The Explanation of the Square and the Circle, The Enlightenment of the Arc and the Vector, and The Exploration of the Source of Logarithms. His main contributions were three: the method of finding natural logarithms, the "Li Shanlan Constant Equation" for the summation of series, and the theory of prime numbers. In the third year of the Tongzhi era (1864 AD), he published a collection of his major astronomical and mathematical works, "Zeguxisai arithmetic" (The arithmetic of Zeguxisai).
Wang Qingren (1768-1831), also known as Quanren, was known as Xunchen. He was a native of Yutian County, Zhili Province (present-day Hebei Province) in the Qing Dynasty. He was an innovative anatomist and medical doctor.
He began to study medicine when he was a teenager, and because of his hard work, he soon became proficient in medical theory and his medical skills were excellent. He owned a pharmacy and was familiar with the properties, flavors and functions of many medicines. Based on his rich practical experience, Wang Qingren had unique insights into the etiology and pathology of diseases. He believed that many diseases were caused by poor blood circulation. When blood does not flow well and is stagnant in an organ or blood vessel, it affects the physiological function of the surrounding tissues in that area and causes diseases. According to this doctrine of "blood stagnation causes disease", he researched and prescribed a number of formulas, in addition to the above mentioned "Tongjiao and blood activation soup", there is also the "Blood House and blood stagnation soup",
He believes that the structure of the human organs is very important to the medical treatment, that "the treatment of unknown internal organs, is like a blind man walking in the night", that the ancient medical books on the human body described a lot of errors. He has repeatedly to the mass graves of the epidemic victims and the death penalty field to observe the structure of the human viscera, in 1830 written "Medical Forest Correction", with 25 charts, he first recorded the human body cavity by the diaphragm is divided into the chest, the abdomen and the two chambers, rather than the ancient book of the map to the two diaphragms, the three body cavities - San Jiao. Also corrected the ancient map of the lung has six leaves and two ears twenty-four tubes of the error, "the lung has the left and right two large leaves, the outer skin of the lung is really no penetration, and there is no 24 holes for the line of air." It is believed that the liver has four lobes, and the gallbladder is attached to the second right lobe of the liver, correcting the error that the liver is seven lobes in the ancient diagram. The depiction of the pancreas, bile ducts, pyloric sphincter, mesentery, etc. is more in line with reality. On the distribution of the left and right common carotid arteries of the heart, due to the fact that they were seen in the cadaver, the arteries were mistakenly regarded as the ducts for the flow of qi. He eloquently argued that thought is generated in the brain and not in the heart. "The two ears are connected to the brain, and the sound heard is attributed to the brain,...... the two eyes are tied like a line, long in the brain, and the things seen are attributed to the brain,...... the nose is connected to the brain, and the smell and odor are attributed to the brain ... ... "These views are similar to modern anatomy and physiology. In clinical medicine to promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis as a principle of treatment, its established to promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis formula is still widely used in Chinese medicine clinics.
Wang Qingren's book is "The Correction of Errors in the Medical Forest," a book that has been the subject of much debate in the medical profession for hundreds of years. In the book, two main points of view are stated. One of them is "correcting mistakes", Wang Qingren believes that our ancient medical books on the location of human organs, size and weight of the description is not accurate, he has been in the plague epidemic in the disaster area to observe the unburied children's corpses of more than 300 cases, one by one, carried out the dissection and observation, drawing a large number of internal organs map. He believed that many medical books of the previous generation were incorrect and had to be corrected, so the title of the book was "Correcting Errors in the Medical Forest"; the other main content mainly showed his special understanding of the human body's qi and blood. He believed that both qi and blood are the source of human life, but at the same time, they are also disease-causing factors. Regardless of external and internal injuries, the damage to the human body is caused by qi and blood rather than internal organs. Qi has deficiency and solidity: solid for evil and deficient for positive; blood has deficiency and stasis: deficiency for blood loss and stasis for blockage. He believes that blood stasis is caused by the deficiency of positive qi and the inability to promote it, therefore, all blood stasis cases belong to the deficiency with solid. Therefore, he advocated "tonifying qi and promoting blood circulation" and "promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis", which is his famous "blood stasis theory".
While Wang Qingren's "Correction of Errors in the Medical Forest" has received mixed reviews from later generations of physicians, his willingness to observe in the field and to do things himself deserves to be recognized. He left valuable materials for the medical world, and his development and innovation in the legislation of stasis and blood stasis and the creation of formulas have great academic value.
Another theory:
Wang Qingren (1768-1831) was known as Xunchen. Yutian County, Crowhongqiao Hedong village people. Qing Ren since childhood martial arts, was a Wu Ziang students, donated a thousand general title. Qianlong, Jiaqing years, Wang's hometown on the river, there is only a bridge, because the "official bridge official ferry" for extortion, or "good bridge good ferry" to do good caused by litigation. Wang Qingren strongly advocate "good bridge and good ferry". When the trial, the county several times to remove the cool hat, Qing Ren several times to stand and complain, and righteously: "I am kneeling in the Qing legal system, 'top of the plume', not for you to kneel", and offended the magistrate. He usually also used a lot of literary and rhetorical contempt for the feudal rulers of the Yamen. After a long time, the county magistrate and the local gentry combined to persecute him. Wang Qingren had to leave his hometown to go to the town of Luan County (now belongs to the Fengnan District), Northeast Fengtian (now Shenyang) and other places to practice medicine.
Wang Qingren by the influence of his ancestors to practice medicine, at the age of 20 will abandon the martial arts to study medicine, a few years has been full of reputation Yutian; more than 30 years old, to Beijing to set up a medical hall, "know a hall", for the Beijing masters of the famous doctor, good use of astragalus. He was a famous doctor in Beijing, specializing in the use of astragalus. He was not trapped by his predecessors, and was unique in the use of medicines, curing many difficult illnesses. According to the Qing dynasty Guangxu ten years, "Yutian County Records", there is a person sleep at night, must be pressed on the chest to sleep; another person lying on his back to sleep, as long as the chest is slightly covered by the eyelashes will not be able to cross, the king is a prescription to cure the two diseases.
Wang Qingren read a lot of medical books in his life, once said: "I tasted reading the ancients viscera theory and the drawing of the map, the statement is everywhere contradictory. In clinical practice, feel the lack of knowledge of Chinese anatomy, put forward the "medical diagnosis, when the first Ming viscera" argument. Wang believes that "the book is not clear viscera, is not a fool's errand; treatment is not clear viscera, it is like a blind man walking at night." From then on, Wang broke through the bondage of feudalism, nearly 30 years of anatomical research activities.
Jiaqing two years (1797), Wang Qing Ren to Luanxian town of paddy medicine, coinciding with the epidemic "warm rash dysentery", the daily death of more than a hundred children, Wang risked contracting the disease, more than 10 days in a row, a detailed cross-referencing of the internal organs of more than 30 corpses. He compared with the ancient medical books drawn by the "viscera map", and found that the records in the ancient books do not match. Wang to lift the ancient medical books, said the children's "five viscera and six bowels, into the incomplete" suspicion, Jiaqing four years (1799) in June, in Fengtian medical practice, heard that a female offender will be sentenced to death (limb fragmentation), he rushed to the penal colony, careful observation, found that adults and children's visceral organs have roughly the same structure. After going to Beijing, Fengtian and other places to observe the body many times. And to Heng Jing (Daoguang years leading officials, saw a lot of dead people) for advice, clear diaphragm is the human body viscera up and down the dividing line.
Wang Qingren has also done a number of times, "compared to the animal, and then feed and then kill" animal anatomy experiments. After decades of research, in line with the "not wanting to know me, but also do not want to avoid the latter sin me", "only wish to the medical forest, ...... clinical disease have to follow, not to the south of the rut" desire and attitude! In the Daoguang ten years (1830), that is, one year before his death, he wrote a book (two volumes), published in the world. Liang Qichao commented that "Wang Xunchen ...... sincerity of the Chinese medical profession is very bold revolutionary theorist, his academic, but also have the spirit of science". Fan Xingjun's "Brief History of Chinese Medicine" evaluated Wang Qingren: "in terms of his great spirit of practice, has found it rare and valuable, and is by no means inferior to Li Shizhen, who repaired the Compendium of Materia Medica". Tang Zonghai, "Chinese and Western confluence of the essence of medical scriptures" cloud: "China's" Medical Forest Correction "in the dissection of the internal organs and Western medicine said slightly the same, because of its charts to be used as a seal."] Over the past 50 years, this book has been reprinted many times. 1949 after the introduction of Wang Qingren around the country, the study of the "Medical Forest Reform" of the papers, commentaries, has no less than 50 (books).
Ding Gongchen, an expert in mechanical engineering. The earliest systematic examination of the use and construction of Western firearms and research into the manufacture of Chinese firearms. He was the first to model steam engines, locomotives and ships in China. He wrote the first book on steam engines, locomotives and ships in China, and contributed to the creation of modern mechanical engineering in China.