Citation and explanation: beyond duty. In ancient times, it refers to people in inferior position using the name, etiquette and utensils of people in superior position: unauthorized name (using the title of emperor). Overriding (going beyond one's duty and using someone's name or things in the world).
Knowledge expansion:
Pinyin is the phonetic symbol of Chinese characters and the basic phonetic system of Putonghua. It includes initials, finals and tones.
Initial is the initial letter of Pinyin, * * * has 2 1 number, including B, P, M, F, D, T, N, L, G, K, H, J, Q, X, zh, ch, sh, R, Z, C and S. These initials can be divided into lip-tooth sounds, pre-tip sounds, mid-tip sounds and post-tip sounds according to different pronunciation positions and methods.
The vowels are the main part of pinyin, and there are 24 * * *, including single vowels (A, O, E, I, U, V), compound vowels (ai, ei, ui, ao, ou, iu, ie, ve) and nasal vowels (an, en, in, un, vn). According to different pronunciation methods and parts, vowels can be divided into three types: open-mouth call, straight-tooth call and pinch-mouth call.
Tone is an important part of Pinyin. * * has four tones, namely, flat tone (flat tone), rising tone (flat tone), falling tone (rising tone) and entering tone (falling tone). Every Chinese character has a fixed tone, and Chinese characters with different tones have different meanings and pronunciations.
The spelling rules of pinyin include ligature, abbreviation and syllable pause. When linking, the initials come first, the finals come last, and the letters without tones should be omitted. Abbreviation means that some letters can be combined under certain circumstances, for example, "zhongguo" can be abbreviated as "ZG". Syllable pause refers to the place that needs to be paused in pinyin, such as "b? i/g?/d?/pà ng".
Pinyin is widely used, which is the basis of learning Chinese. Through the study of pinyin, people can pronounce and spell Chinese characters correctly and improve their oral and written expression ability. At the same time, Pinyin is also the basis of computer input of Chinese characters, and Chinese characters can be input into the computer conveniently and quickly through Pinyin input method.