Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim．. of Cucurbitaceae or Trichosanthes rosthornii Harms are dried and ripe fruits. It has the functions of clearing away heat, removing phlegm, widening chest, dispersing stagnation, moistening dryness and smoothing intestines. Its root (Trichosanthes), skin (Trichosanthes) and seed (Trichosanthes) are also used as medicine.
Trichosanthes likes warm and humid climate and has strong adaptability. Wild in hillside grass, forest margins and damp valleys, cultivated in low mountains, hills, in front of houses and yards. There are about 700 counties (cities, districts) in more than 20 provinces, cities and districts in China. There are many varieties crossing. In Liaoning, Tianjin, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces and cities, Trichosanthes kirilowii is the main one. Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other provinces and regions mainly use bilateral Trichosanthes. Trichosanthes kirilowii produces Feicheng, Changqing and Zibo in Shandong, Nantong, Zhangjiagang and Haimen in Jiangsu, Anyang, Qixian and hua county in Henan, Shaoxing, Pinghu and Tongxiang in Zhejiang, Wanyuan, Yilong, Cangxi, Pengxi and Lezhi in Sichuan, Wuchuan, Zheng 'an and Anshun in Guizhou, Huaining, Lu 'an and Laian in Anhui, and Dongan and Longshan in Hunan. Shandong, Anhui, Henan, Sichuan and other provinces are famous for their high quality, which are sold all over the country and exported.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Trichosanthes kirilowii was mainly wild, with sporadic cultivation and small output. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1957, the national annual purchase volume was 540 tons. 1970 The national purchase of Trichosanthes kirilowii 1400 tons was more than twice that of 1957. 1978 bought more than 8,000 tons nationwide, nearly five times more than 1970, and four times the sales volume of that year. Because the production scale is too large and the market is saturated, there is a backlog of goods. In the 1980s, under the influence of market mechanism, production and sales were basically balanced.
Trichosanthes kirilowii cultivation is scattered, and production management is easily neglected. According to the needs of the market, widely mobilize the masses and use the front and back of the house and idle land for planting. The proportion of Trichosanthes kirilowii, Trichosanthes kirilowii kernel and Trichosanthes root should be properly handled. Straighten out prices and coordinate development. It is necessary to popularize improved varieties and improve yield and quality.
52. Forsythia suspensa
Forsythia suspensa is the dried fruit of [Forsythia (Thunb．) Vahl．]. of Oleaceae. In early autumn, immature turquoise fruits are harvested, steamed and dried in the sun, which is called "green warping"; At the end of autumn, when the fruit ripens, turns yellow and cracks, it is harvested and dried, which is called "old warping". Has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, reducing swelling and resolving hard mass.
Forsythia suspensa likes to be warm and moist, cold-resistant, drought-resistant and poor-ridged. Wild in the sparse forests and shrubs on the hillside. It should grow in fertile and loose soil. Distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Gansu and other provinces 150 counties and cities. Location: Anze, Lingchuan and Qinshui in Shanxi, Lushi, Luanchuan and Songxian in Henan, Shangxian and Luonan in Shaanxi. Sold throughout the country and exported. Forsythia suspense products are mainly aged forsythia suspense and supplemented by green forsythia suspense. Qingqiao is mainly produced in Shanxi and sold in Sichuan, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and other places.
Forsythia suspensa is rich in resources in China, and its medicinal use is mainly wild products. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the annual purchase volume in Linfen, Shanxi Province (under the jurisdiction of Anze, Huoxian and Linfen) reached 250 tons. In 1957 after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the country acquired nearly 4,700 tons. Among them, Henan, the main producing area, purchased 4300 tons, accounting for more than 90%. In 1970s, due to deforestation, natural disasters and low purchase price, the purchase volume declined and the supply was in short supply. With the support of the state, the production area has strengthened the protection of wild resources and carried out artificial cultivation. By 1980, the area of forsythia suspensa cultivated in China was nearly 20,000 mu. 1980-1989 cumulative development167,000 mu, with an annual increase of about 1000 tons. Forsythia was well supplied in the 1980s.
Forsythia suspensa is a bulk medicinal material for treating colds, and its market consumption is large. We must adhere to the combination of development and protection of resources to ensure adequate commodity supply. At the same time, forsythia suspensa is a kind of fruit medicinal material, which benefits for a long time. Therefore, we should strengthen planning, handle the relationship between development and renewal, keep production relatively stable, and prevent the destruction of resources.
53. Fructus Aurantii
Fructus Aurantii is the dried immature fruit of Rutaceae plant Citrus aurantium L． and its cultivated varieties. It has the functions of regulating qi, regulating middle energizer, promoting qi circulation and relieving flatulence. Its young fruit (Fructus Aurantii Immaturus) is also used for medicine, which has the same effect as Fructus Aurantii.
Fructus Aurantii likes warm and humid climate environment, which is cold and high temperature resistant. Cultivated or wild in sunny flat dams, hills or low mountains. Distributed in Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces and regions. Location: Hunan, Sichuan and Jiangxi. The output of Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Qianyang, Chenxi, Mayang, Longshan and Luxi in Hunan, Jiangjin, Qijiang, Yongchuan, Wanxian, Yunyang, Pengxi and Suining in Sichuan, and Duchang, Ge Yang, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Xingan and Yushui in Jiangxi are relatively large. Commodities are called Hunan Fructus Aurantii, Sichuan Fructus Aurantii and Jiang Fructus Aurantii, which are sold all over the country and exported.
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the national annual purchase volume was 1000 tons. In the 1970s, all localities accelerated the pace of production, expanded the production area and increased the planting area, with an average annual purchase volume of 2,300 tons. 1982 and 1983 were as high as 4,600 tons and 5,200 tons, respectively, which exceeded the quota, and some areas were cut down and changed production. 1985, the output dropped to 2800 tons, and only about 2000 tons were purchased by the medicinal materials system. In the next few years, the production gradually resumed.
Fructus Aurantii is a woody medicinal material of fruit, which has benefited for many years. At present, the national area of Zhiliang is more than100000 mu, and the production and sales are basically suitable according to the national annual demand of 3500 tons. We should focus on Jiangxi, Sichuan, Hunan and other old producing areas, establish bases, and develop and update them in a planned way. Management should be strengthened, pests and diseases should be prevented, and yield and quality should be improved.
54. Gardenia
Gardenia is also known as gardenia yellow and gardenia mountain. It is the dried and mature fruit of Gardenia jd *** inoides Ellis, a Rubiaceae plant. Has the functions of purging fire, relieving vexation, clearing away heat, promoting diuresis, cooling blood and detoxicating.
Gardenia likes warm and humid, drought-resistant and not cold-resistant. Wild or cultivated in hills or low mountains. Distributed in Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan Province and other provinces and regions. Location: Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Hubei and other provinces. Hunan has the largest output and Jiangxi has good quality. Commodities are sold nationwide and exported.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, gardenia mostly came from the wild, and the amount of domestic species was small. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, 1957 was purchased nationwide 1000 tons, with sales of 600 tons. During the 1960s and 1970s, the purchase of wild gardenias in Hunan and Jiangxi was relatively stable, the output of domestic gardenias in Sichuan and other provinces increased, and the production of gardenias in China rose steadily, and the purchase and sale were basically balanced. At the end of 1970s, gardenia, a domestic species, entered the fruiting period and its yield increased. 1980-1982, the national average annual acquisition of about 3000 tons, sales of about 2000 tons. In the middle and late 1980s, production and sales tended to be balanced. According to the market forecast, at present, the annual demand of gardenia is about1500-2,000 tons, and the planting area should be stable at 200,000 mu.
Gardenia has strong adaptability and long fruit-bearing period. Under normal circumstances, people have high enthusiasm for planting. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis has a broad development prospect in food and chemical industry besides medicinal use, so we should vigorously carry out comprehensive utilization and expand the dosage.
55.medlar
Lycium barbarum is also known as Xihuazi, Lycium barbarum, Lycium barbarum, and Lycium barbarum. It is the dried and mature fruit of Lycium barbarum L. of Solanaceae. Has the functions of nourishing liver and kidney, and benefiting the mind.
Lycium barbarum is adaptable, cold-resistant, drought-resistant, salt-tolerant, fertilizer-resistant and afraid of water accumulation. Wild in hillsides, meadows, forest margins, shrubs, roadsides, etc. It should be cultivated on deep and fertile sandy soil with good drainage. Distributed in Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other provinces, cities and districts 150 counties (cities, districts and banners). Mainly produced in Ningxia Zhongning, Zhongwei, Lingwu, Yinchuan, Wuzhong, Guyuan, Hebei Julu, Shenxian, Dacheng, Ningjin, Tianjin Jinghai, Inner Mongolia Togtoh, Tumd Zuoqi, Urad Qianqi, Hangjinhou Banner, Xinjiang Jinghe and other places. Ningxia Lycium barbarum has large seeds, thick meat, red color, few seeds, soft and sweet taste, and the commodity is commonly called "Western Lycium barbarum".
Lycium barbarum has been cultivated for more than 480 years. Ningxia is the authentic producing area of Lycium barbarum in China. From 1950s to 1960s, the old producing areas in Ningxia expanded the planting area, and new producing areas such as Hebei, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan were introduced on a large scale. 1968 The national acquisition volume reached more than 600 tons. By the mid-1970s, the annual purchase volume exceeded 1,000 tons, and in the late 1970s, the average annual purchase was 2,600 tons. At present, according to the market demand, the annual purchase volume of Lycium barbarum should be1500-2000 tons.
Lycium barbarum is a perennial plant, which can bear fruit and benefit for many years once planted. First of all, we must do a good job in market research, both to develop and to prevent excess. Building a commodity base based on Ningxia Lycium barbarum. We should strengthen scientific research, broaden the application scope of Lycium barbarum and give full play to the production advantages of Lycium barbarum in China.
56.Amomum villosum
Amomum villosum, Amomum villosum, Shrinking Amomum villosum and Shell Sand. It is the dried and mature fruit of Amomum villosum Lour., Green Shell Sand (Amomum villosum Lour. var xanthioides T.L. Wu et Senjen) or Hainan Sand (Amomum longiligulare T.L. Wu). It has the functions of eliminating dampness, stimulating appetite, warming spleen, relieving diarrhea, regulating qi and preventing miscarriage.
Amomum villosum is a tropical and subtropical plant, which is wild or cultivated in humid sunny slopes or valleys below 500 meters above sea level. Distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan and other places. Location: Guangdong, Hainan and Yunnan provinces. Yangchun sand has a large quantity, high quality and is sold all over the country. Hainan Amomum villosum produced in Hainan Province and green shell Amomum villosum (wild) produced in Yunnan are also sold nationwide. Such as:
The distribution table of Amomum villosum producing areas in China shows that the number of counties in Guangdong Province is 5 1, and the main producing areas are Yangchun, Xinyi, Gaozhou, Fengkai, Xinxing, Yunfu, Fengshun, Xuwen, Haikang and Zhanjiang. There are 8 counties in Hainan, and the main producing areas are Chengmai, Yaxian and Danxian. The number of counties in Yunnan is 13, and the main producing areas are Mengla, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Wenshan, Simao, Honghe, Nujiang, Jiancang and Baoshan. There are 37 counties in Guangxi, and the main producing areas are Fangcheng, Wuming, Long 'an, Baise, Fusui, Lingshan, Hengxian, Tianlin and Qinzhou. There are 8 counties in Fujian, and the main producing areas are Changtai, Tongan, Yongchun, Xiamen, Zhao 'an, Hua 'an and Longhai.
In the more than 20 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was a shortage of domestic Amomum villosum, and the market was adjusted by imported Amomum villosum every year. 1957 national acquisition 12 tons, sales 144 tons (including imports, the same below); 1960 Due to natural disasters, the production declined, and only 7.6 tons were purchased; 1965 acquisition rose to 15 tons; Later, due to the discovery of wild resources in Yunnan and the large-scale artificial cultivation in Guangdong, Yunnan and other provinces, the acquisition increased greatly. 1978 The national acquisition volume reached 155 tons; Since 1980, the Chinese medicine market has been fully liberalized, and the production has been further developed. The average annual purchase volume has reached 200-250 tons, and the contradiction between supply and demand has basically been solved.
Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan and other provinces in China are the best suitable areas for Amomum villosum production. Yangchun, Xinyi, Gaozhou and Xishuangbanna in Yunnan should be the main places to establish production bases and develop production. It is necessary to further strengthen scientific research, cultivate improved varieties, improve the pollination rate of Amomum villosum, strengthen field management and increase the yield per unit area. At present, the production and purchase of domestic Amomum villosum are in good condition. In order to protect domestic production, increase farmers' income and reduce foreign exchange expenditure, the import quantity of Amomum villosum should be appropriately reduced.
57. Betel nut
Betel nut is also known as Langyu, Dabuzi and so on. It is the dried and mature seed of Areca catechu L．, a palm plant. It has the functions of killing insects, eliminating food stagnation, reducing qi, promoting water circulation and stopping malaria. Its pericarp (pericarp) is also used for medicine, which has the functions of lowering qi, widening middle energizer, promoting water circulation and reducing swelling.
Areca catechu is a tropical rainforest plant and likes warm and humid climate. Cultivated or wild in sunny valleys, ditches, roadsides and other wet places. Distributed in Hainan Island, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian and other provinces and regions. In Hainan Province, Qionghai, Wanning, Tunchang, Lingshui, Qiongzhong, Baoting, Sanya and other counties and cities have a large output, which are sold all over the country with a small amount of exports.