1, temperature Chestnut is suitable for growth in the average annual temperature range of 10-17 ℃. The average daily temperature during the growing period (April-October) is 10-20 ℃, the winter temperature is below -25 ℃, the appropriate temperature during the flowering period is 17-27 ℃, below 15 ℃ or higher than 27 ℃ will affect the pollination and fertilization and fruiting. 8 - September fruit enlargement. -September fruit enlargement period, the average temperature above 20 ℃ can promote the growth of nuts.
2, moisture Annual rainfall in the 500-2000mm place can be planted chestnut, but to 500-1000mm place is most suitable. Different climatic periods have different requirements and responses to water, especially in the fall chestnut grouting period, such as sufficient water, is conducive to the full growth of the nuts and increase in yield.
3, light chestnut for light-loving strong species, the birth period requires sufficient light. The average daily light time is less than 6h in the valley area, the tree growth upright, leaf thin branch fine, low yield, poor quality. Therefore, in the selection of the garden site, the establishment of planting density, the way of plastic pruning and other cultivation management, should be based on the chestnut light-loving strong this feature to consider.
4, soil Chestnut is suitable for growth in sandy loam containing more organic matter and good aeration, which is conducive to the growth of the root system and produce a large number of mycorrhizae. In the viscous, poor aeration, poor drainage in the rainy season (easy to accumulate water) on the soil growth is poor. Chestnut is sensitive to soil acidity and alkalinity, suitable pH range of 4-7, optimal for 5-6 slightly acidic soil. The weathered soil in limestone mountainous areas is mostly alkaline, unsuitable for the development of chestnut. Granite, gneiss weathered soil is slightly acidic, and good aeration, suitable for chestnut growth. Chestnut is adapted to acidic soil mainly because it can meet the requirements of chestnut tree on manganese and calcium, especially manganese, when the pH value is high manganese is insoluble, can not be absorbed and utilized by the root system. Chestnut is a high manganese plant, leaf manganese content of 0.2% or more, significantly more than other fruit trees. But in alkaline soil, the content of manganese in the leaves will be less than 0.12%, the color of the leaves will be green and the metabolic function will be low. Therefore, chestnut must be developed in slightly acidic soil areas.
Two, cultivation techniques
1, seedling reproduction Chestnut reproduction methods are mainly live breeding and grafting reproduction of two kinds. Although the method of propagation is simple, low cost, long plant life, but can not maintain the excellent traits of varieties, large differences between single plants, the general results of late, low yield. Therefore, in recent years, the development of chestnut around the use of graft reproduction.
2, the choice of chestnut seed sowing seedlings have two purposes, one is used as rootstock, the second is directly for production planting. As a rootstock with the seedling requires robust growth, so select the fully mature, neat size, no pests and mechanical damage to the nuts for seed. Directly for the production of planting seedlings used in the seed, must be from the growth of strong, productive and high-quality mother tree for collection, to ensure that the progeny performance is good.
3, seeding Chestnut seeding can be divided into fall and spring sowing two kinds. Autumn sowing more in the late fall and early winter. The advantage of fall sowing is that the chestnut fruit can not have to be sand storage, a little treatment after the seed is carried out. But fall sowing because the chestnut is in the field for a long time, vulnerable to external climate and other aspects of the damage, affecting the seedling rate. Spring sowing requires about 30% of the seed germination, or in the first half of March each year.
Sowing methods are divided into two kinds of direct seeding and border sowing. Direct seeding is not to establish a nursery directly according to the predetermined plant spacing sowing garden. But the management is inconvenient, the effect is poor. At present, more bed sowing, centralized cultivation. Nursery should be selected flat terrain, deep soil, fertile, well-drained sandy loam. After deep tilling and leveling, adequate bottom fertilizer, made into a width of 0.8-1m, 5-10m long beds, ditching in the beds, row spacing of about 30cm, depth of 5cm or so. If the soil is dry to water, to be seeped down to 10-15cm spacing spot sowing, with sowing with mulching, the thickness of 3-4cm. sowing seeds should be placed flat in the ditch, in order to facilitate the elongation of the nascent rhizome.
4, seedling management Seedlings out of the ground immediately after the plow weeding, especially important for direct seeding to build the garden to ensure seedling growth. Seedling growth after 1 month, the seed nutrients have been consumed, can be in early June and early August fertilizer twice, 666.7m2 about 5-10kg of urea, immediately after the application of water. Chestnut seedlings are afraid of flooding, fertilization, in addition to soil water shortages need to be flooded, in the rainy season to timely drainage, to avoid prolonged waterlogging in the nursery. Also timely control of pests and diseases, to ensure that seedlings full, strong.
5, fertilization The growth cycle of chestnut is divided into the budding period, the growth period of new shoots, flowering and fruit development. Its fertilizer is divided into base fertilizer and fertilizer.
1. base fertilizer. Fertilizer time in late September to early October, the base fertilizer should be applied to rotted human and animal manure, soil fertilizer, rotting cake fertilizer and other organic fertilizers, generally 15 to 20 kg per tree. Fertilizer method: generally along the periphery of the tree crown dug circular ditch fertilization. 2. Chase 3 times a year, the first end of March to mid-April before budding chase female flower flower fertilizer; the second in mid- to late May to early June bloom chase fruit fertilizer; the third in early July to late August in time to chase the fertilizer, can promote the fruit full, improve yield, each chase nitrate of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 0.8 ~ 1 kg. 3. foliar spray fertilizer. The first in mid- to late May, the second in mid- to late June, the third in mid- to late July, each spraying 0.1% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
6, skillful prevention of pests and diseases Autumn and winter with the original solution of rock sulfide plus salt plus lime plus Manganese zinc mefenamic acid plus water (1: 1: 6: 0.5: 20) mixture brushing the trunk, can control chestnut blight, has been onset of the tree, scrape off the diseased part of the tissue; powdery mildew prevention and treatment can be sprayed in the early stages of the onset of the 0.3 boeze degrees of rock sulfide or 50% methyltoluene 100 times; chestnut weevils can be sprayed in the beginning of June, 90% trichlorfon, 90% trichlorfon, 90% of the weevil control. Spraying 90% trichlorfon 1000 times or dichlorvos 800 times in early June, and soaking the nuts in hot water at 50℃ for 10 minutes after harvesting can kill the larvae in the fruit; the key to chestnut putty bug control is to scrape off the bark of the over-wintering eggs in winter and white the trunk with thiosulfur, and spraying dichlorfon 1,500 times or pesticide 1,000 times in mid-May; chestnut moth control can be done by spraying insecticide 800 times or hydramethyl sulfide 600 times in July-August, when the pests are occurring. The first thing you need to do is to spray 600 times of hydramethyl sulphoxide on the trunk.