Cold potato growth habit temperature: Like high temperature, the temperature required for seed germination is higher than that required for general leguminous crops.
Light: Plants need sufficient light when they are engaged in vigorous photosynthesis and accumulation and assimilation, especially during the formation of fleshy roots. Only sufficient light can produce high yield.
Moisture: Low water demand.
Soil: sandy loam with medium fertility is better. If planted in cohesive soil, the root tuber will be stunted, with rough skin and more fibers. In sandy loam, the root tuber is big and the meat is tender. If the soil is too fertile, it will often cause the vines to grow white, but the fleshy roots will not grow.
Fertilization: Appropriate fertilization. The planting time and season of cold potato are generally in April and May. The planting method and steps of cold potato are soil preparation and sufficient base fertilizer application. After the previous harvest, plough deeply for 25-30cm, and apply 500kg plant ash and pig manure 1000kg per mu. Before sowing 15 days, the clods will be broken and raked to make high ridges with a width of 1.2 ~ 1.3 meters, and the furrow depth is about 25 cm, which is convenient for drainage. Sowing because the cold potato has a long growth period, the northern region should sow as soon as possible. The row spacing is 20-25cm, and 3-4 seeds are sown in each hole. After sowing, plant ash is covered, and the seed dosage per mu is about 2.5kg. The seed coat of potato seeds is solid, soaked in warm water at 30℃ for 3-4 hours before sowing, and then placed at 25℃-30℃ to accelerate germination. Sow as soon as the bud appears. Seedling raising 1, seed retention
When planting in the previous season, you should keep the seeds of the next season. Seed-keeping refers to directly selecting full large seed pods that have not been eaten by insects when the seed pods mature and become Huang Shi, picking them, peeling off their skins, and taking out mature, discolored and not full large seeds. If the pods are completely dry, the seeds can be sealed directly. If not, they can be dried and crushed first, and then the seeds can be taken out for preservation.
2. Land selection and preparation
It needs to be planted in sandy loam with water permeability, water and fertilizer conservation, and deep non-sticky weight. Sowing farmland should be turned deep, and the turning depth is 30 to 40 cm, which is conducive to root growth. After ploughing, base fertilizer should be applied. Generally, an acre needs about livestock fertilizer 1 1,000 kg, plant ash 1 1,000 kg and 50 kg of calcium superphosphate. After fertilization, mix fine soil, then bury it underground, cover it with 8 cm of fat-free soil, and then level the land.
3. Treating seeds: the seeds are big, hard and thick, and then the skin is thick, which is not easy to germinate. Therefore, seeds should be soaked and germinated before sowing, so that they can emerge quickly and evenly. Soak the seeds in hot water at 55 degrees for 20 minutes, then take them out and soak them in warm water at 25-30 degrees for about 10 hour. After the seeds have absorbed enough water, take them out to dry, wrap them with clean wet towels and put them in an electronic temperature control box to accelerate germination. Take out the mucus produced every day to prevent the seeds from rotting. In a few days, take out the germinated seeds and sow them first, and then sow them after they come out.
4. Sowing: Sow directly on the seedbed and dig holes by hand. Generally, the plant spacing is 3 cm and the row spacing is 5 cm. Direct sowing soil cover 1 cm. If there are many buds, the soil cover can be reduced. You can also insert the seeds directly, so that the upper end of the exposed bud is exposed from the soil surface, and the rest are inserted into the soil. After sowing, water the soil. In case of high temperature and strong light, shade and water at night.
5. Management: After emergence, some slow seedlings can be checked once when 50% of seedlings emerge. If rotten seeds appear, replanting should be carried out, and replanting should be carried out on cloudy days. Apply some light fat water in time to promote seedlings. After the seedlings are full, divide the seedlings once and keep the strong seedlings. After that, the seedlings were tempered without applying fertilizer and water, and sufficient fertilizer and water were applied one week before transplanting.
Site management 1. Water and fertilizer management
Water and fertilizer management is an essential work in the growth process of cold potato, which directly determines whether cold potato has high yield. Cold potato at seedling stage is the most important period in the growth process, and the demand for water and fertilizer is also relatively large. Water and fertilizer management must be done well in this period. Topdressing can be done together with scarification. In order to improve fertility, topdressing should be done every time you loosen the soil. This can avoid the malnutrition of cold potato, thus promoting the normal growth of cold potato.
When entering the expansion period of cold potato, we must increase the amount of fertilization and water it in time in the dry and high temperature season in summer. But be moderate, not too much water. Drainage must be done in rainy days. Excessive accumulation of water will cause root rot, lead to various diseases and insect pests, and even die in severe cases, which has a great impact on the yield and quality of cold potatoes.
Second, the expansion period management
The expansion period is the key period for the growth of cold potato, which generally reaches the expansion period about 3 months after planting. During this period of high temperature and high humidity, cold potato has strong growth ability and large leaf area, so the management of this period is very important.
First of all, we must control the growth of stems and leaves of cold potatoes. When the growth rate is fast, avoiding vine turning and spraying foliar fertilizer properly are very beneficial to tuber development and improving cold potato yield. If you encounter drought during the expansion period, you should water it in time, but you can't flood it.
Third, intertillage weeding
The main management work of intertillage weeding planting cold potato, because the main edible part of cold potato is underground tuber. When the seedlings have grown to about ten centimeters and the vines have not grown luxuriantly, it is necessary to do the first intertillage weeding work.
Because the roots of sweet potato are shallow, we must pay attention to the depth and intensity when cultivating, not too deep. Too deep will cause the roots to be easily damaged, and it can also prevent the fleshy roots from being exposed, so as not to affect the tuber growth and reduce the quality. Weeding should be coordinated during intertillage to prevent weeds from encroaching on the growth space of cold potato and robbing the growth nutrition, thus reducing the yield. Pest control 1. Insects on the ground can be killed by chlorantraniliprole suspending agent and chlorfenapyr.
2. Rapeseed Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can be prevented and treated by using wettable powder, carbendazim suspension concentrate, Junmiejing and other drugs at the early stage of the disease.
3. Viral diseases can be treated with aminomethyl ester aqueous solution or viral BIC.
4. Underground pests The main underground pests are grubs, termites, cutworms and crickets. Phoxim EC and chlorpyrifos EC can usually be used for root irrigation and pest control.
Harvest after maturity is due to plastic film mulching cultivation. Generally, planting sweet potatoes early has the purpose of seizing the market. Therefore, it can be harvested four to five months after planting, which is earlier than the conventional open field cultivation and gets high benefits. According to the market situation, it is generally harvested when the single weight of cold potato reaches 450~500g g, and if the market is not good, it can be listed later.
In the production process, through investigation, it is found that the key to high yield of cold potato is to promote growth at seedling stage and regulate it in the middle and late stage. The application of organic fertilizer in cold potato cultivation should be based on the growth characteristics of stem crops, and the techniques of pre-promotion, central control and post-transfer should be adopted to induce the early formation of tuber micro-organs That is to say, promoting vegetative growth of plants in the early stage, enhancing plant resistance, controlling overgrowth of plants in the middle stage, adjusting the balance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth, and supplementing nutrition in the later stage can increase the weight of starch and obviously improve the quality of potato chips. In strict accordance with the technical regulations, crops will increase production by more than 30%.