There are many chieftain groups, and there are also many chieftain groups from the Zhou royal family. According to preliminary statistics, there are mainly the following groups: Yang chieftain group, Cen chieftain group, Ran chieftain group, Linghu chieftain group, Han Xin and Han Weishi group Native tribesmen. In addition, He Tusi group, Duan Tusi group, and some Wang Tusi groups are also famous.

Tusi is a government office (Tusi office) built independently by the indigenous people in minority areas within their sphere of influence and permitted by national law. He is a native official who rules his troops from generation to generation, inherits his position from generation to generation, governs his place from generation to generation, joins his flow from generation to generation, and receives his title from generation to generation."

The chieftain in the narrow sense specifically refers to the native official who "owns his land, manages his people, rules his troops, inherits his position, governs his place, joins his family, and receives his title." .

Extended information:

The chieftain system was developed on the basis of the county system of Jizhou in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The status of hereditary leaders of ethnic minorities and their official titles were given to them for indirect rule. In fact, the imperial edicts of the central government were not truly implemented. Some non-commissioned officers, claiming hereditary status, wantonly killed the people and caused trouble on the border. "The Han people were devastated by them, and the barbarians were tortured by them."

There were even internal fights or wars within the chieftain family. In the thirty-eighth year of Kangxi (1699) , the Lu family of the Yi ethnic group in Dongchuan killed each other because of the struggle for the inheritance of the Tufu.

In order to solve the long-standing disadvantages of the Tusi separatism, the monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties had begun to plan to solve this problem.

There are generally two methods for reforming the local officials: "First, from top to bottom, first change the local government, and then change the local state. The second is to seize every favorable opportunity to carry out the process. If some local officials die, , if there is no successor, or there is a clan quarrel, a exiled official will be sent to take over; the native officials are vendetta against each other, and after being pacified, a displaced official will be sent to take over; some native officials commit crimes, or after being suppressed against the dynasty, they are dismissed from their posts. The chieftain system was abolished in some ethnic minority areas in the southwest during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, and the political reform of the exiled official system was implemented. The chieftain system implemented in the Yuan Dynasty had many shortcomings. The chieftains brutally ruled the subjects internally, frequently rebelled against the central government, and harassed the Han people who bordered the country. There were also constant wars between the chieftains.

In order to solve the long-standing disadvantages of the feudal chieftain system, most rulers in the Ming and Qing dynasties advocated the policy of reforming the land and returning it to the locals. That is to say, where the conditions are ripe, the hereditary system of chieftains will be abolished, governments, departments, prefectures, and counties will be established, and floating officials with a certain term of office will be dispatched for management. During the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong periods, the Qing Dynasty had a strong national power, and Emperor Yongzheng was an enterprising monarch. Therefore, the conditions for large-scale implementation of land reform and return to local rule were becoming mature.

Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Linghu surname

Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Tusi

Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Yang family tree