Overview of the Korean language 1. Hangul, the Korean alphabet, refers to the script used by Koreans, which was created in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, the 4th of the Joseon Dynasty. Korean has 24 letters, 10 of which are vowels and the remaining 14 are consonants. The vowels: [a] [ya] [eo] [yeo] [o] [yo] [u] [yu] [eu] [i] The consonants: [giyeok] [nieun] [digeut] [rieul] [mieum] [bieup] [siot] [ieung] [jieut] [chieut] [kieuk] [tieut] [ pieup] [hieut] Korean is like Chinese in that the consonant and vowel sounds work together to make a word. Korean is written from left to right, top to bottom. (Example) ++= [h]+[a]+[n]=[Han] ++= [g]+[u]+[k]=[Guk] =[Han guk] In this textbook, the characters are labeled in accordance with the principles of Korean Roman alphabet pronunciation established by the Korean Ministry of Education. The basic pronunciation is based on the standard Korean pronunciation. Compound vowels and compound consonants Compound vowels are vowels made by combining 2 or more vowels Example) [ae] [yae] [e] [ye] [wa] [wae] [oe] [wo] [we] [wi] [ui] += [g]+[ae]=[gae] Compound consonants are consonants made by combining 2 consonants Example) [ssang kiyeok] [ ssang digeut] [ssang kiyeok] [ssang digeut] [ssang digeut] [ssang digeok] [ssang digeut] [ssang digeok] = [Han guk] [ssang digeut] [ssang bieup] [ssang siot] [ssang jieut] += [tt]+[i]=[tti] 3. Endings For every word in Korean, a consonant can be placed before and after the vowel. All 19 consonants, including compound consonants, can be placed in front of the vowel, but the three consonants , , cannot be placed behind the vowel. The consonants that are placed after the vowel and are pronounced are called 'final consonants'. Of the 19 consonants, all 16 consonants except the 3 consonants can be used as final consonants, but they are only pronounced as 、、、、、、6 consonants. bieup] [siot] [ieung] [jieut] [chieut] [kieuk] [tieut] [pieup] [hieut] Examples: [geogi] [goga] [gogi] [aga] [agi] [yagu] [yeogi] [iyagi] Examples: [na] [neo] [nai ] [nugu] [nuna] [eoneu] [nunu-i] Examples: [tada] [modu] [duru] [eodi] [juda] [deudieo] Examples: [miri] [goguryeo] [dari] [ori] [yori] [uri] [kkureomi] Example: [namu] [namu] [meoru] [meori] [maru] [eomeoni] Example: [binyeo] [dubu] [bada] [babo] [bosu] [bubu] [banana] Example: [gyosu] [sori] [saja] [seori] [susu] [seuseuro] [susiro Example: [jasu] [baji] [jeogi] [joryu] [jumeoni] [abeoji] Example: [chacha] [chusu] [chijeu] [cheoma] [jucha] [micheo] Example: [kidari] [kokoa] [keuriseumaseu] [ kyeoda] [keuda] [keojida] Examples: [tajo] [dotori] [tasu] [tuji] [beoteo] [tomato] Examples: [haru] [heosuabi] [hyuji] [horuragi] [hyuga] [heori] 3) Basic Structures of Korean Writing [ ga] [gya] [geo] [gyeo] [go] [gyo] [gu] [gyu] [geu] [gi] [na] [nya] [neo] [nyeo] [no] [nyo] [nu] [nyu] [neu] [ni] [da] [dya] [deo] [dyeo] [do] [dyo] [du] [dyu ] [deu] [di] [ra] [rya] [reo] [ryeo] [ro] [ryo] [ru] [ryu] [reu] [ri] [ma] [mya] [meo] [meo] [myeo] [mo] [myo] [mu] [myu] [meu] [mi] [ba] [bya] [beo] [byeo] [bo] [ byo] [bu] [byu] [beu] [bi] [sa] [sya] [seo] [syeo] [so] [syo] [su] [syu] [seu] [si] [a] [ya] [eo] [yeo] [o] [yo] [u] [yu] [eu] [i] [ja] [jya] [jeo] [jyeo] [jo] [jyo] [ju] [jyu] [jeu] [ji] [cha] [chya] [cheo] [chyeo] [cho] [chyo] [chu] [chyu] [cheu] [chi] [ka] [kya] [keo] [kyeo] [ko] [kyo] [ku] [kyu] [keu] [ki] [ta ] [tya] [teo] [tyeo] [to] [tyo] [tu] [tyu] [teu] [ti] [pa] [pya] [peo] [pyeo] [po] [pyo] [pu] [pyu] [peu] [pi] [ha] [hya] [heo] [hyo] [ho] [hyo] [hu] [hyu] [ heu] [hi] 4) Basic Korean Characters [ae] [yae] [e] [ye] [wa] [wae] [oe] [wo] [we] [wi] [ui] .... Example) : [ae] [gae] [bae] [sae] [hae] [gaemi] [norae] [yachae] [jiugae] ... ... ... Example) : [yae] [gyae] [yaegi] ... Example) : [e] [ne] [gage] [susemi] [jebi] [meari] [teipeu] ... [e] [ne] [gage] [susemi] [jebi] [meari] [teipeu] ... Example) : [ye] [pye] [segye] [sigye] [pyeha] ... ... ... Example) : [wara] [jwau] [chikkwa] [gwaja] [suchaehwa] [gyokkwaseo] ... ... Example) : [wae] [dwaeji] [kwaeyu] ... Example) : [noe] [oebu] [hoegye] [soegogi] [oegyo] ... ... ... Example) : [deowoyo] [gomawoyo] [chuwoyo] [mwo] Example) : [gwedo] [weiteo] ... ... Example) : [wi] [samagwi] [chwimi] [dwi] [jwi] [swida] ... ... Examples) : [uimi] [uisa] [uiri] [uiji] [ju-ui] [hoe-ui] ... ... [kki] [tta] [ttya] [tteo] [ttyeo] [tto] [tty] [ttu] [ttyu] [tteu] [tti] [ppa] [ppya] [ppeo] [ppyeo] [ppo] [ppyo] [ppu] [ppyu] [ppeu] [ppi] [ssa] [ssya] [ sseo] [ssyeo] [sso] [ssyo] [ssu] [ssyu] [sseu] [ssi] [jja] [jjya] [jjeo] [jjyeo] [jjo] [jjy] [jju] [jjyu] [jjeu] [jji] Examples) : [kkamagwi] [kkeuda] [jokki] [kkori] [kkureogi] Example) : [ttareuda] [heoritti] [tto] [tteuda] [satto] Example) : [ppuri] [ppeokkugi] [ppida] [appa] [ppoppo] Example) : [ssada] [ssauda] [sseuda ] [bak] [gageuk] [miyeok] [jichuk] [duk] [seoksik] [ok] ... ... Ex) : [san] [non] [nun] [don] [migwan] [jeonsinju] [chin-gu] [eonni] [jinju] [andae] .... ... Ex) : [meot] [got] [nat] [nat] [bat] [ot] [yeot] [kkot] [satppa] [haetta] [datssori] ... Ex) : [dal] [gil] [maeul] [yeonsil] [seoul] [bul] [gae-ul] [jeo-ul] [bimil] ... ... ... Ex) : [mom] [sum] [gimchi] [gam] [jeomsim] [saram] [ireum] [seom] [maeum] ... ... ... Ex) : [ip] [ap] [yeop] [sup] [keop] [bap] [ahop] [ilgop] [eoptta] [eoptta] .... ... Ex) : [sarang] [gang] [ppang] [yuryeong] [naengmyeon] [seong] [gangnangkong] [hyeong] [suyeong] ... ... ... : [antta] [mok] [maktta] [heuk] [iktta] [yeodeolp] [neolptta] [baptta] [haltta] [euptta] [gap] [eoptta] [samtta] ... ... ... 5. Respect Korean is a language in which respect is well developed. It varies according to the situation in which the conversation is taking place and the age and status of the other person. For example, in the sentence "Come quickly", Koreans can say the following four different expressions: 1. .... 2. . 3. . 4. . The endings of honorifics include -/. //. (example) (original form) + . . (honorifics) (proto) + . . (honoring language) (proto) + . (honorific) (proforma) + ( + = ) . (honorifics) (pro forma) + ( + = ) . (honorific) 6. The auxiliary / comes after the subject of each sentence, which means that the noun, pronoun, or numeral preceding this auxiliary should be the subject of that sentence. / is located after the object of each sentence, which means that the noun and pronoun preceding this auxiliary should be the object of that sentence. (Example) . (Chul-soo played ball .) . (The ball hit Cheol-su.) '' '' is located after a noun. However, this noun should be a noun that refers to a direction or destination. '' '' '' is equivalent to 'to' or 'at' in modern Chinese. (Example) . (Going to Seoul．) . (To study at school.) / is located after a noun. This auxiliary indicates a prop or method. (Example) . (To go by taxi.) 7. Affirmative and Negative In Korean, if a sentence ends in (/), then the sentence is affirmative. If the sentence ends in (/), then the sentence is negative. (Example) . (He is Korean) / . (He is not Korean.) / (Yes, in; No, not) Example) . (He has Korean friends.) / . (He has no Korean friends.) ( ) . (He eats Korean kimchi.) / . (He doesn't eat Korean kimchi.) (Example) . (I eat Gimchi.) / . (I don't eat Gimchi.) 8. tenses Korean tenses are basically divided into three tenses: past, present and future. If you add -// to the predicate of a present tense sentence, it becomes a past tense sentence. (Example) . + + . (.) I studied. + + . . I live. + + . I eat. I eat. I ate. Add -/-() to the predicate of a present tense sentence to make it a future tense sentence. (Example) . + + . I go. I will go. I will go. . + + + . I will go. I will go. + + . I will go. I will go.