Edit this paragraph Morphological characteristics
Sphagnum evergreen shrubs or small trees, 4-6 m high, sometimes up to 12 m. Branchlets brownish gray, glabrous. Leaves alternate; petiole robust, 2-4cm long, glabrous in old heather
; leaf blade leathery, long elliptic, long obovate or obovate-elliptic, 9-22cm long, 3-6.5cm wide, apex caudate-acuminate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margins sparsely glandular serrulate, entire near the base, shiny on top, midvein tomentose in juvenile age, both surfaces glabrous after maturity. The leaf blade of this species is highly variable in shape, and the serrations are pin-pricked at the seedling stage. Flowers bisexual; compound corymbs terminal, common pedicel and pedicels glabrous; pedicels 3-5 mm long; flowers densely packed, 6-8 mm in diameter; calyx tube cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm; sepals 5, broadly triangular, ca. 1 mm, apex acute; petals 5, white, suborbicular, 3-4 mm in diameter; stamens 20, outer whorl longer than petals, inner whorl shorter than petals, anthers purplish; styles 2, sometimes 3, connate at base Styles 2, sometimes 3, united at base, stigma capitate, ovary apex pilose. Pear fruit globose, 5-6 mm in diam. red, brightly colored, later turning brownish purple. Seed 1, ovate, 2mm long, brown, smooth. Fl. April-May, fr. Oct.
Editorial growth habit
Prefer warm and humid climate, cold resistance is not strong, temperatures below -10 ℃ will be deciduous, death, Jiaozuo, Xi'an can be open-ground overwintering. Prefer light and shade, the soil requirements are not strict, in order to fertile and moist sandy soil is most suitable, strong sprouting, pruning resistance, smoke and toxic gases have a certain degree of resistance.
Edit paragraph origin and distribution
Mainly produced in the Yangtze River Basin and the south of the Qinling Mountains, North China has a small amount of cultivation, mostly in the form of shrubs, Shandong Feedback Lei Mountain National Forest Park has up to 5-6 meters, growing well. Growing in the high mountain area in the north and center of Korea, it can also bloom in the snow and ice.
Edit paragraph propagation cultivation
Propagation to sow mainly, but also with cuttings, pressure propagation. Sowing seeds in November, the fruit pile pounding rinsing, drying the seeds, layer sand, to the next spring sowing, pay attention to watering, shade management, high seedling rate. Cuttings in the rainy season to cut the year robust half-mature shoots for the spike, 10-12 cm long, the base with heel, the upper part of the 2-3 leaves, each leaf cut 2/3, inserted in a timely manner after the shade, watering diligently, to keep the bed soil moist, very easy to root. South to heather for hedge, often directly inserted into the camp.
Edit this paragraph garden use
The crown is rounded, the leaves are light green, young leaves in early spring, purple and red, white flowers in late spring, red fruits in the fall, very rich ornamental value, is the famous garden greening species, resistance to smoke and toxic gases, and with sound insulation function. Leaves and roots can be used as medicine. The roots of the leaves can be used as medicine. It is often used as the rootstock for loquat grafting in southern regions. Shijian
1. "Bielu": Shijian, born in the Huayin Valley. Leaves are picked in February and April, and the fruit is picked in August and dried in the shade. 2. "Tang Materia Medica": heather leaves like grass, not carved in the winter, to the fine leaves for good, Guanzhong good, for the treatment of wind pills scattered to be. Its Jiangshan has been south of the growth of loquat leaves, no flavor, but not used. Today, doctors do not use the real. 3. "Shu Materia Medica": "Tujing" cloud, heather, Zhongnan oblique valley near the stone is very fertile. Today, the cloth people more to Wa Wei for Shi Wei, Shi Wei for Shi Nan. It is important not to miss it. 4. "The Herbal Atlas": heather, the plant is very tall, between the rivers and lakes, leaves like loquat leaves, there are small thorns, winter does not carve, spring white flowers, into clusters, autumn knot fine red fruit. Guanlong between the out, the leaves like mangrove, green-yellow, back with purple dots, more rain is born together, long and two or three inches, the root across the fine purple, no flowers and fruits, leaves to dense, north and south of the people move to plant between the courtroom, shaded and lovely, impermeable to the sun. The leaves are fine in Guanzhong, which is good for medicine. 5. "Derivation of the Materia Medica": heather, leaves like loquat leaves of the small, but the back is hairless, light and not wrinkled. It blossoms in February, and in winter it has two leaves, which are the flower buds. The bracts are open, and there are more than fifteen flowers, the size of Tsubaki, the flowers are very fine, each bract is about as big as a ball. A flower of six leaves, a flower has seven or eight balls, light white green, the end of the leaf slightly reddish, flowers are open, stamens full of flowers, but see the stamens do not see flowers. Flowers only to strike, last year's green leaves all fall off, gradually new leaves. But Beijing, Luo, Hebei, Hedong, Shandong is quite rare, people use this reason less. Hunan, north, east and west of the Yangtze River, the two Zhejiang is very much, so more.
Edit this section of the chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine
(1) take 1g of the powder, add 10ml of methanol, reflux extraction on a water bath for 1h, with the filtrate for the following tests: 1. Take 1ml of the above methanol extract, add a little magnesium powder of heather
, add 4-5 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid, heated on a water bath, that is, to be shown to the orange-red color. 2. Evaporation dish in the water bath evaporation, add drink and borate acetone solution and 10% solution of 1ml each, continue to evaporate, the residue in the ultraviolet lamp observation, can be seen strong cleft yellow-green fluorescence. (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, placed in a test tube with a little water to make it wet. Test tube with a plug, cold and the wall of the tube hung between a filter paper moistened with picric acid solution, the test tube in a 60-70 ℃ water bath heated for about 15min, the paper showed brick red. (3) take 1g of powder, add 10ml of ethanol, warm immersion 30min, filtered, take 2 drops of filtrate, point on the filter paper, add 1-2 drops of trichloroacetic acid reagent, heated to 100 ° C began to show a light red, gradually change to lavender.
Edit this section of the identification of raw herbs
Trait identification
The stem is cylindrical, 0.4-0.8cm in diameter, with branches; the surface of the dark gray-brown, longitudinal wrinkles, lenticels were fine dots; the quality of the texture is brittle, easy to fracture, fracture surface of the cortex of the thin, dark brown, the wood is yellowish-white, lobe-like. Leaves alternate, petiolate, 1-4cm long, with a longitudinal groove above; leaf blade long elliptic or obovate heath
shaped elliptic, 8-15cm long, 2-6cm wide; apex pointed or acute, base subrounded or cuneate, margin finely serrate, tooth end brown, but leaf margins aristate serrate in juvenile and budding teeth branches; brown or brown-green above, glabrous, pinnately veined, with the midrib sunken in. Midvein distinctly prominent below. Leaf blade leathery and brittle. Air slight, stems slightly bitter, leaves slightly astringent. It is preferable to those with tender branches, even strips, and complete and unbroken leaves.
Microscopic identification
Leaf transverse section: the upper and lower epidermis are 1 row of nearly square cells, the outer side is cuticle. Leaf flesh tissue fenestrated heather
like cells 3-4 columns, not through the main veins, spongy tissue lax, midvein protrudes downward, the inner side of the upper and lower epidermis each has 3-4 columns of thick angular cells, wall keratinization; vascular bundles in the form of a "U", the column sheath fibers and the thin-walled cells containing yellow material arranged between the hemispherical shape of the continuation. The thick angular cells in the midvein, thin-walled cells, phloem and phloem cells contain calcium oxalate prismatic crystals and clusters of crystals. Fine veins containing yellow substances are scattered in the spongy tissue and thin-walled tissue of the midvein, especially around the vascular bundles of the midvein. Leaf surface: the upper epidermal cells are polygonal, with flat pericyclic walls, keratinized pericyclic walls, and no stomata. Lower epidermal cells are slightly smaller, pericyclic wall is straight, stomata are dense, indefinite, parietal guard cells are 4-8. Powder characteristics: brown. Fibers are numerous, colorless or yellowish, bundled, broken, about 13μm in diameter, containing calcium oxalate square crystals in the surrounding thin-walled cells to form crystal sheath fibers. Calcium oxalate square crystals are easy to see, diameter 7-33μm. calcium oxalate cluster crystals, mostly in the thin-walled cells of the leaf flesh, diameter 16-33μm.
Edit this section of the propagation of heather cultivation technology
Crop cuttings propagation technology
The propagation of heather there are mainly two methods of sowing seeds and cuttings. After years of research, Zhejiang Sengho Seed Industry Co., Ltd. has solved the technical difficulties of cuttings propagation of heather
Technical difficulties, and successfully developed a set of cuttings propagation technology with low cost, easy operation, high survival rate, and can be produced in the ordinary plastic greenhouse. 1. Cuttings facilities and seedbed preparation Using a single shed cuttings, to cover the shed film, plus shade net. The ground in the shed is leveled to establish the ground cuttings seedbed. The width of the seedbed is about 100 centimeters, surrounded by the installation of 10 to 12 centimeters high baffle. The bottom of the seedbed is covered with a layer of fine sand to facilitate drainage, and the cuttings substrate can be vermiculite with peat, or clean yellow heart soil with fine sand. The seedbed and substrate should be sterilized with fungicides and insecticides to prevent pests and diseases. 2. Cuttings time Spring cuttings in early March, summer cuttings in early June, fall cuttings in early September. 3. Cutting of spikes Use semi-woody shoots or woody branches of the current year, cut into a leaf and a bud, the length of about 3 to 4 cm, the incision should be smooth. Heather 4. Spike treatment After the spike is cut, pay attention to moisturizing, try to cut and insert as you go. Before cutting, the cuttings are treated with rooting agent to accelerate the rooting speed and improve the survival rate. The depth of the cuttings is 3 cm, and the density is 400 plants per square meter. Immediately after insertion, water thoroughly, and spray the foliage with a mixture of carbendazim and anthrax fumigation. 5. Post-plugging management After the cuttings should often check the seedbed, the substrate moisture content is maintained at about 60%, the air humidity in the shed is best maintained at more than 95%, the temperature in the shed is controlled at 38 ℃ or less, such as the temperature is too high, it should be sprayed to reduce the temperature. Shade the cuttings from the time they are taken until they root and germinate. After 15 days, some of the cuttings start to sprout roots The moisture content of the substrate should be reduced appropriately, generally kept at about 40%. When more than 50% of the cuttings begin to root, the membrane can be gradually opened to ventilate, and the shade and light transmission rate is about 50%. When all the spikes have sprouted roots and more than 50% of them have sprouted leaves, gradually remove the shade net and film of the greenhouse and start seedling refining. Can be combined with spraying foliar fertilizer or applying a low concentration of water-soluble fertilizer, in order to promote the robust growth of cuttings.
Cultivation and management techniques of heather
1. Seedling purchase. When purchasing seedlings, choose suppliers with good reputation who can provide quality after-sales service to ensure the purity of varieties and reduce production risks. Zhejiang Sengho Seed Industry Co., Ltd. is currently the domestic development of heather larger-scale company, its seedling breeding technology is leading the way, providing seedlings are high-quality container seedlings, product consistency is good, the root system is developed, especially with the substrate transplantation does not hurt the root, the survival rate of almost 100%, and transplanted after the rapid growth. Heather
2. Selection and organization of the nursery site. Planting site soil to loose texture, fertile, slightly acidic to neutral for good, and easy irrigation, good drainage. Before planting, each mu into the rotting stable fertilizer 3000 kg, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate, soil tilling depth of more than 25 cm, while the application of insecticides to prevent underground pests. After tilling the soil leveling, open drainage ditch, do seedbed, bed width of about 1 meter. 3. Seedling transplanting. Seedling transplanting time is generally in the spring in March-April and fall in October-November, to be combined with the local climate conditions to decide. Planting spacing should be based on the retention time and cultivation goals. If you plan to sell your plants as annual shrubs, the spacing should be 35x35 cm or 40x40 cm, about 3,000 plants per mu. Seedling transplanting, be careful to remove the packaging or take off the nutrient bowl, to ensure that the root system of the soil ball intact, fixed point digging hole; with fine soil piled on the roots, and make the root system stretch, gently compacted. After planting, pour the root water in time. The heather 4. Cultivation management. In the slow period after planting, special attention should be paid to water management, such as continuous sunny days, 3-4 days after transplanting to water - times, and then every 10 days or so to water; in the event of continuous rainy days, to timely drainage. About 15 days later, the seedlings through the seedling period can be fertilized. In the spring every half-month application of urea, the amount of about 5 kg / mu, summer and autumn every half-month application of compound fertilizer, the amount of 5 kg / mu, winter Shi - a rotted organic fertilizer, the amount of 1500 kg / mu, to open the furrow buried Shi is good. Fertilizer should be thin fertilizer applied diligently as a principle, not a dosage of too much, so as not to hurt the roots of seedlings, usually in a timely manner to weed and loosen the soil to prevent soil sloughing. 5. Pest control. The heather is more resistant, not found to have destructive pests and diseases. However, if improper management or poor nursery environment, may occur gray mold, leaf spot disease or harmed by shellfish. Gray mold can be prevented by spraying 50% carbendazim 1000 times, and during the onset of the disease, 50% zinc diclofenac 800 times can be sprayed to prevent and control the disease. Leaf spot disease can be 50% carbendazim 300-400 times liquid or topoxicam 300-400 times liquid prevention and control. The shellfish can be sprayed with 200 times of Legris emulsion or 800 to 1,000 times of liquid spray.
Edit Common species of the same genus
Light-leaved heather
Light-leaved heather P. glabra (Thunb.) Maxim. also known as fern. Evergreen small trees, branches black-gray with scattered lenticels, leaves leathery, both surfaces smooth and glabrous, spirally bearing, leaf blade small, up to 5-9 cm long, lateral veins 10-18 pairs, margin sparsely shallow obtuse serrate, petiole short, only 0.5-2.0 cm long, petal base clawed, fruit red glossy.
Hairy-leaved heather
Hairy-leaved heather P.villosa (Thunb.) DC. is also known as chickadee, a small deciduous shrub with gray-brown branches and white villous young branches. Leaf blade thin papery, small, 3-8 cm long, lateral veins 5-7 pairs, both surfaces of the leaf more or less hairy, the upper half of the leaf margin with pointed serrulate, petiole short, hairy, peduncle and fruiting peduncle often warty points, small fruit red through the winter does not fall, Shandong mountains have wild.
Red-leaved heather
Red-leaved heather (photinia × fraseri) is the collective name of hybrids of the genus heather in the family Rosaceae, for the evergreen small trees or multi-branched bushy shrubs, single-leaved whorls, leaf lanceolate to long lanceolate, new shoots and young leaves bright red, the old leaf leathery, leaf surface dark green with glossy, leaf back green, smooth and hairless. Terminal corymb panicles, small white flowers, flowering from early April to early May. Red pear fruit, ripe in late summer, can continue to hang fruit until the following spring. Two varieties commonly used in gardens are Red Robin `RED Robin' and Red Lip `RED Tip', of which the Red Robin has a more persistent and vibrant foliage color and is more ornamental. There are also varieties such as 'Camelvy', 'Rubens' and 'Rubusta'. Heather is mainly produced in the subtropical and temperate regions of eastern and southeastern Asia and North America.