1. by drinking time
(1) appetizer
Aperitif is suitable for drinking before meals and can stimulate appetite. There are mainly three kinds of absinthe, absinthe and fennel.
The name of aperitif comes from the meaning that drinking before meals can stimulate appetite. There are many kinds of appetizing wines, such as whisky, Odek, gin, champagne, some grape juice and fruit wine. They are all good aperitifs. The concept of aperitif is vague. With the evolution of drinking habits, aperitif is gradually referred to as mixed wine with wine and some distilled spirits as the main raw materials, such as absinthe, absinthe and anise. These are two definitions of aperitif: the former generally refers to all alcoholic beverages that can stimulate appetite before meals, while the latter refers to alcoholic beverages with appetizing function based on wine or distilled liquor.
vermouth
Absinthe may have evolved from the old German word "Wermut" or the Anglo-Saxon word "Wermod", both of which refer to a plant with absinthe.
The main component of absinthe is wine, accounting for about 80%, with dry white wine as the wine base, and the other main component is various spices. Manufacturers keep the formula of their products very secret, but generally there are some raw materials, such as mugwort, cinchona bark, charcoal extract, iris, fennel, cardamom, gentian, oregano, benzoin, cocoa beans, ginger, aloe, cinnamon, angelica dahurica, chamomile, clove, bitter orange, anemone, sage, elderberry and so on.
Different vermouth has different recipes. White absinthe needs to be mixed with crystal sugar and distilled liquor, stirred evenly, refrigerated, filtered and bottled. Red absinthe also needs caramel pigment. White absinthe has a sugar content of about 10~ 15% and a golden color, while red absinthe has a sugar content of 15% and is amber yellow. If you make dry absinthe, the sugar content is less than 4% and the alcohol content is about 18o. People don't like sweet wine very much.
The famous Italian brands of vermouth are: Cinzano (Xianshan Road), Martini (Martini), Gancia (Xia Gan), Carpano (Capano) and Riccadonna.
The most famous French absinthe is Chambery, Duval and Noli.
Sour wine
Bite wine evolved from ancient medicinal liquor, which is very useful and nourishing. There are many kinds of wine biting, including Luzhou-flavor and Luzhou-flavor. There are light colors and dark colors; There is wine and essence (no alcohol). But no matter what kind of beer, bitter taste and medicinal taste are the same characteristics. The spices used to prepare bitter wine are mainly bitter herbs, stems, roots and skins of plants. Such as alpine grass, gentian peel, bitter orange peel, lemon peel, etc.
The famous bitter wine is mainly produced in Italy, France, Trinidad, Netherlands, Britain, Germany, the United States, Hungary and other countries. Here are some famous bitter wines:
Campari, produced in Milan, Italy, is made of orange peel and other herbs. The wine is brownish red, with strong medicinal flavor and slightly bitter taste. Bitter taste comes from Cinchona cream, with alcohol content of 26o.
Italian Cynar is made by soaking thistle and other herbs in wine. Thistle is thick and slightly bitter, and its alcohol content is 17o.
Fernet branca, produced in Milan, Italy, is the most famous bitter wine in Italy. It is made of many kinds of plants, roots and plants. It tastes bitter and is known as the king of bitter wine. But the medicinal effect is remarkable. It is especially suitable for sobering up and invigorating the stomach. Alcohol 40o.
Amer Picon, produced in France, is mainly made of herbs such as cinchona cream and orange peel. This wine is similar to syrup and is famous for its bitter taste. Use only a little when drinking, and then mix it with other drinks, with an alcohol content of 21o. Suze, produced in France, is made from the root of Gentiana scabra. Liquor is orange, slightly bitter and slightly sweet, with sugar content of 20% and alcohol content of 16o.
Dupony, produced in Paris, France, is mainly made of cinchona bark, soaked in white wine, supplemented by other herbs. The wine has a deep red color, outstanding medicinal fragrance, bitter and sweet taste and unique style. There are three kinds: red, yellow and dry. The most famous one is Hongdubao, with an alcohol content of 16 degrees.
Angostura, produced in Trinidad, takes rum as the base wine and gentian as the main raw material. The wine is reddish brown, fragrant and pleasant, slightly bitter but very refreshing, and is deeply loved in Latin American countries, with an alcohol content of 44 degrees.
anisette
Anise wine is actually a wine made of fennel oil and distilled liquor. Fennel oil contains a lot of absinthe. 45% alcohol can dissolve fennel oil. Fennel oil is generally extracted from star anise and green fennel. Illicium verum oil is mainly used to make aperitif, and green fennel oil is mainly used to make liqueur.
French products are famous for fennel wine. Liquor has different colors due to different varieties, and generally has better luster. Fennel is rich, complex and charming, with an abnormal, thick and exciting taste and an alcohol content of about 25o. The famous French fennel wines are Ricard, Bass Taxi, Pino and Perger Blanc.
(2) Sweet wine
Sweet wine should be accompanied by dessert, such as sherry, wine and madeira wine.
Dessert is the last dish in western food, usually dessert and fruit, and the wine with it is also sweet, and it is often prepared on the basis of wine. But obviously different from liqueur, liqueur is also sweet wine, but its main wine base is generally distilled wine. The main producers of liqueur are Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Hungary and southern France.
Here are some famous liqueurs:
Porto wine
Porto is produced in Douro, Portugal, and is stored and sold in Porto Port. Porto wine is a mixture of grape juice wine and grape distilled wine, which can be divided into white wine and red wine. White Porto wine can be divided into golden yellow, straw yellow and light yellow, and it is a favorite aperitif in Portugal and France. As a sweet wine, Porto red wine enjoys a high reputation in the world. There are four kinds of red wine, namely black red, deep red, ruby red and tea red, which are collectively called Tuojiu. Red Porto wine has rich aroma, harmonious fruit and wine, mellow, delicious and round taste, and there are three types: sweet, semi-sweet and dry. The most popular products are 1945, 1963, 1970.
Porto wine is sold in the market in three varieties: Quintas (Qingda), Vintages (fine wine) and L.B.V (aged). The famous products are: Cookburn, Croft, Dawes, Fonseca, Silfa, Sandeman, Wall and Taylor.
sherry
Sherry is produced in Jerez, Spain. The British call it sherry, and the French call it sherry. English people like sherry better than Spanish people, so people give it an English name. Sherry is based on wine produced in Galle, blended with local grape distilled liquor, and aged year by year in different barrels. 15~20 years old has the best quality and the highest style. Sherry is divided into two categories: Fino and oroluso, and other varieties are variations of these two categories.
Fino is light yellow, which is the lightest color in sherry. Its fragrance is delicate and elegant, giving people a fresh feeling, just like the fragrance of new apples just picked. Taste sweet, fresh and refreshing. The alcohol content is between 15.5 and 17O. Fennu should not be stored for a long time, up to two years. Locals often buy only half a bottle and drink it before buying it. Manzani is an elderly Fino. This wine is reddish, transparent and crystal clear, and its aroma is close to that of Fino, but it is more mellow and often has the aroma of bitter almond, which makes people feel very comfortable. The Spanish like this wine best. Parma sherry is the export scientific name of Fino, which is divided into 1, 2, 3 and 4 grades. The higher the grade, the older the wine. Amontillado is a variety of Fino. Its color is very beautiful and steady, its aroma is walnut, its taste is dry and light, and its alcohol content is between15.2 ~ 22.8 O.
Olorosso is different from Fino, and it is a kind of wine with strong flavor. Golden brown-red, transparent and bright, with a strong aroma, with a typical walnut fragrance, the older the better. Strong, soft and full-bodied. Alcohol content 18~20o, but there are also 24o and 25o, but very few. Palo Cortado is a treasure in sherry, which is rare in the market. Its style is very similar to that of Fino, and it is called "Orolusso with Fino fragrance". Most of them have been listed for 20 years. Amoroso is also called "Love Wine". Sherry is a blend of Oloroso and sweet wine, which is dark red, and some are almost brownish red with additives. The aroma is close to Orolosso, but it is not so prominent. It is sweet and round, and the British like this wine.
Sherry's famous brand products include Croft, Detri, Domec, Duke of Wellington, Duff Gordon, Havers, Merito, Misa and Montilla.
Madeira wine
Madeira Island is located in the Atlantic Ocean and has been occupied by Spain for a long time. Madeira wine is produced on this island. It is made of local wine and shochu and is very popular. Madeira wine is a good aperitif and one of the few high-quality sweet wines in the world.
Madeira wines can be divided into four categories: Sercial (SheCillard), Verdelho (Verdero), Bual (Bual) and Malmser (Malmser).
SheCillard is a dry wine with golden or light yellow color, bright color and beautiful aroma. Known as the "fragrant soul", it has a mellow taste and is often used as cooking wine by western chefs. Verdero is also a dry wine, but a little sweeter than Cillard. Bouar is a semi-dry or semi-sweet wine. Malm is a sweet wine, the most famous wine in Madeira family. This wine is brownish yellow or brownish yellow, with pleasant aroma and excellent taste. It is more mellow and dense than other similar wines, and its style and body give people a feeling of wealth and luxury. The alcohol content of Madeira wine is mostly around 16~ 18o.
Madeira's famous wines include Borges, Crown Barbeito, Leacock and Falanga.
Malaga
Malaga wine is produced in Malaga region of Andalusia, Spain, and its brewing method is quite similar to Porto wine. The alcohol content is between14 and 23o. This wine is inferior to other similar products in liqueur and aperitif, but it has obvious nourishing effect and is more suitable for patients and convalescents to drink. The famous ones are Flores Hermanos, Felix, Hijos, Jose, larios, Louis, Mata and Perez teixeira.
marsala
Marsala wine is produced in Ma Sala region in the northwest of Sicily. It is a mixture of wine and grape distilled liquor, and is as famous as Porto wine and sherry. The wine is golden brown, fragrant, refreshing and sweet. According to the different aging time, Masala wine has different styles. A wine aged for 4 months is called a boutique, a wine aged for 2 years is called Superiore, and a wine bottle aged for 5 years is called Verfine.
The famous Ma Sala wines are Granci, florio, Laro and Pelligrino.
(3) Liqueur
Sweet wine should be drunk after meals. It is a wine based on wine, edible alcohol or distilled liquor, with various seasoning materials and sugar. Here is a brief introduction to the classification of liqueur.
1) is classified according to the types of spices.
① Fruit liqueur consists of the following three parts: fruit and peel as fruit materials, syrup or honey as sugar materials, and distilled liquor such as brandy or edible alcohol as wine base. Usually, it is produced by soaking method, and the product has unique style and fresh taste, which is suitable for fresh drinks, such as Dujun Orange and Manie.
② Herbs are used as spices in plant liqueur. Its production process is quite complex and unique. Many products have a long history, and the raw material ratio and specific production process are kept secret, which has a strong sense of mystery, such as monastery wine, monk wine, Turin label and so on.
③ Grains liqueur is made from the seeds of plants. Nut seeds with high oil content and strong fragrance are usually selected, such as fennel liqueur, gallien slave wine, coffee milk wine and so on.
2) Classification according to manufacturing methods
① Distillation method: base wine and spices are distilled together in a pot, which is often used for vanilla liqueur.
(2) Soaking method: Soak the ingredients in the wine to make the aroma and components naturally separate out. This method is widely used, such as plum wine made by this method.
(3) Filtration method: put perfume in the ball above the filter plate, put wine base in the ball below, heat the spray liquid, and continuously permeate and extract the components in the perfume in the circulation.
④ Flavoring method: It is forbidden to mix spices or synthetic products into base wine in France, but some countries still mix synthetic spices with neutral alcohol, so the quality of the brewed wine is poor.
Liqueur is an alcoholic beverage based on distilled liquor, mixed with various flavoring substances and added with sugar. Liqueur, also known as "sweet wine", has three remarkable characteristics: a, flavoring substances are only added to the wine base by soaking or blending, without any distillation treatment; B, the sweetener is sugar or syrup; C, liqueur is mostly drunk after meals. The alcohol content of sweet wine is relatively high, generally between 20~45o. Flavoring substances include fruits, grasses and plant seeds.
fruit liqueur
Fruit liqueur is generally brewed by soaking method, and its outstanding style is refreshing and fresh taste.
Cura? ao i.
Cura? ao wine is produced in Cura? ao, the Netherlands, which is located in the Caribbean 60 kilometers away from Venezuela. Cura? ao wine is a liqueur made by blending and soaking orange peel. Some are colorless and transparent, others are pink, green and blue. Oranges are pleasant, fragrant and elegant, and slightly bitter but very refreshing. The alcohol content is between 25~35o, which is more suitable for the preparation of after-dinner wine or cocktail.
Grand Manier (Grand Manier)
Damanier wine, produced in cognac, France, is a fruit liqueur made by soaking bitter orange peel in "orange essence". Damanier is an imitation of Cura? ao.
There are two kinds of wine: red label and yellow label. The red label is based on Gonek, while the yellow label is based on other distilled spirits. Their orange flavor is outstanding, their taste is intense, sweet and mellow, and their alcohol content is about 40o, so they are a special refined liqueur.
There are two other products on the market: Kavi Du E Sentel and Cherry Marnier. Cousennier orange (Cousennier orange wine)
Kushner orange wine is produced in Paris, France. The raw materials are bitter orange and sweet orange peel. Kushne orange wine is also an imitation of Cura? ao. Its style is similar to Cura? ao, but slightly inferior, with an alcohol content of 40o.
Jundu wine
Guantao wine is very famous in the world, with a large output, mainly produced by Guantao wineries in France and the United States. Made by soaking bitter orange peel and sweet orange peel, it is also an imitation of Cura? ao wine, with an alcohol content of 40o, which is more suitable for after-dinner wine and watered drinks.
Orange wine belonging to Cura? ao also includes Triple sec, 39o；; Cura? ao orange, 30o；; Mandarine liqueur, 25 degrees; ; Golden water wine (eau d ˊ or); Flam orange; CordialMédoc, wait.
Marachino (Nuju, Malakhi)
Malah slave wine, also known as "Maraschin", originated in Zala, Yugoslavia. After World War II, it turned to Venice, Italy, mainly produced near Padue.
Marakino wine is made from cherries. First, cherries with stones are made into cherry wine, and then distilled wine is added to make liqueur. Malakino wine has two brands, one is Luxado and the other is Drioli. Both of them have rich fruit fragrance, mellow and sweet taste, and the alcohol content is about 25o. It belongs to refined liqueur and is suitable for making cocktails after meals.
Liqueur (apricot wine)
Apricot is an excellent ingredient of liqueur, which can be directly soaked or made into apricot wine before blending with brandy. The alcohol content is between 20~30o. The world-famous liqueur apricot wine includes Kecskmet produced in Hungary and Canil apricot wine produced in France.
Blackcurrant wine
Cassie wine, also known as blackcurrant wine, is produced in Dijon, France. The wine is dark red, milky white, fruity, elegant and sweet. Rich in vitamin C, it is the most nutritious drink in liqueur. The alcohol content is between 20~30o, which is suitable for drinking after meals, with water and chicken tails.
Casis's well-known brand products include Casis Dijon, Casis Bona, Siska, Super Casis and so on.
There are many fruit raw materials that can be used to brew liqueur, such as pineapple, banana, strawberry, raspberry, orange, lemon, plum, grapefruit, mulberry, coconut melon and so on.
Plant liqueur
The raw materials of herbal liqueur are herbs, and the brewing process is complicated and somewhat mysterious. The manufacturer keeps its formula strictly confidential, and people can only know the general situation.
Yellow-green (monastery wine)
Monastery wine is a world-famous mixed wine invented by French monks, and it is still produced by Descartes Monastery in Ezelle, France. The secret recipe of monastery wine is still in the hands of priests and has never been made public. The analysis shows that this wine is based on grape distilled liquor and 130 kinds of alpine herbs, including Saxifraga, Bellflower and Gentiana. , brewing, and then mixing with raw materials such as honey. Wine needs to be aged for more than three years, and some can be as long as 12 years.
The most famous monastery wine is called the monastery green wine, and its alcohol content is about 55o. Followed by Monastery Yellow Wine, the alcohol content is about 40 degrees; Chen young wine (V.E.P.verte), about 54o; Aged yellow rice wine (V.E.P.jaune), about 42o; Elixir, about 71o. Monastery wine is the main variety of grass liqueur and belongs to special refined liqueur.
Benedict (friar wine)
Some monks' wine is translated into Benedictine, while others are called drinking. Produced in Fécamp, Normandy, France, this wine is a famous liqueur. The secret recipe of this wine is based on the alchemy of priests. Although people know something about it, they still don't fully understand its details.
Godsworn wine is based on distilled wine and flavored with 27 kinds of herbs, including seaweed, bee flower, angelica, coriander, clove, nutmeg, tea, myrrh and cinnamon. And then mixed with sugar solution and honey, refined, brewed, soaked, pinched head and tail, blended and so on.
Godsworn wine has achieved great success in the world market. The manufacturer mixed Godsworn wine with brandy to make another new product, named "B and B and B" (Bé né dictine and brandy). The alcohol content is 43o, which is a special refined liqueur.
The monk's bottle is marked with the words "D.O.M", which is the abbreviation of a religious motto "Deo Optimo Maximo", meaning "to the great and wise God".
Izara (Izara wine)
Izara wine is produced in the Basque country of France. In Basque language, Izara means "star", so Izara wine is also called "Basque wine". The flavor of wine is mainly grass, but there are also fruits and varieties. The essence is made from grass and distilled liquor, then mixed with Al Manecke wine soaked with fruits and seeds, then added with sugar and honey, and finally dyed with saffron. Izara wine can be divided into green wine and yellow wine. Green wine contains 48 kinds of spices, and its alcohol content is 48o. Yellow rice wine contains 32 kinds of spices and its alcohol content is 40o. All belong to specially refined liqueur.
Black powder essence (black powder essence)
Verbena has obvious fragrance and medicinal function, and liqueur brewed with Verbena is a high-grade medicinal liquor. There are three main varieties: Verveine Verte brandy (verbena green brandy) with an alcohol content of 55o；; Verveine Verte (verbena green wine), with an alcohol content of 50o；; Verveine jaune (Verbena yellow wine), with an alcohol content of 40o, is a specially refined liqueur. The most famous black Willie liqueur is black Willie liqueur.
Delambue (Juan Bijiu)
Juanbi produced in England is a liqueur made of vanilla, whisky and honey. It is also very popular and famous in America.
sweet wine
Likou milk wine is a kind of strong liqueur. There are many milk wines blended with grass, such as mint milk wine (mint milk wine), rose milk wine (rose milk wine), vanilla milk wine (vanilla milk wine), violet milk wine (violet milk wine) and cinnamon milk wine (cinnamon milk wine).
Cereal liqueur
Seed liqueur is a liqueur made from plant seeds. There are many kinds of plant seeds used as ingredients, and winemakers often choose those nut seeds with rich fragrance and high oil content for blending and processing.
anisette
Fennel liqueur originated in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and is one of the most popular liqueurs in Mediterranean countries. France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey and other countries produce fennel liqueur. Among them, France and Italy are the most famous.
Fennel and alcohol are used as the essence, then distilled liquor base and sugar solution are mixed, stirred, cold treated and clarified, and the alcohol content is about 30o. The most famous fennel liqueur is Marie Brizard, which was the name of a French girl in18th century. It is also called Bordeaux fennel, which is produced in France.
Coomer (Gu Lu Mei)
Gu's raw material is a wild fennel plant called Kavi, which mainly grows in northern Europe. Gulumei is produced in Holland and Germany. Famous products are: Allash (Aracy, Netherlands), Bols (Bowles, Netherlands), Fockink (Falkink, Netherlands), Wolfschmidt (Wolfschmidt, Germany) and Mentzendorf (Manzhendorf, Germany).
Advocatt (Dutch Egg Yolk Wine)
Dutch egg yolk wine is produced in Holland and Germany. The main ingredients are egg yolk and juniper. Unique aroma and delicious taste. The alcohol content is about 15~20o.
Coffee, milk and wine
Coffee milk wine is mainly produced in coffee producing countries, and the raw material is coffee beans. First, coffee beans are roasted and crushed, then soaked and distilled, and then different wine liquids are blended, treated with sugar, clarified and filtered. The alcohol content is around 26o. Coffee milk wine belongs to common liqueur. The famous ones are Kahlúa (Coffee Honey, Mexico), Tia Maria (Tia Maria), Irish Velvet (Irish Velvet), Bardinet (French buttermilk) and Parizot (Paris Left, France).
Cocoa milk wine
Cocoa milk wine is mainly produced in the West Indies, and the raw material is cocoa bean seeds. When making wine, cocoa beans are roasted and crushed, then soaked in alcohol, part of which is directly distilled to extract wine, then the two parts of wine are blended, and then vanilla and syrup are added to make it. The famous cocoa milk wines are: Cacao Chouao (Juok), Afrikoko (Asian and African cocoa) and Liqueurde Cacao (Coco Likou).
Almond liqueur
Almond liqueur is made from almonds and other nuts. The wine is dark red and black, with outstanding fruit aroma and sweetness. Famous almond liqueurs include Amaretto (Italy), Créme denoyaux (France Renru Liquor) and almon Likou (England).
2. According to the classification of spices used.
(1) mixed wine of flowers and fruits
Flower-fruit mixed wine is a mixed wine with flowers, leaves, roots, stems or fruit juice and fruit fermented wine as its fragrance source. Such as osmanthus wine and rose wine with obvious floral fragrance, and hawthorn wine with obvious fruity fragrance. The alcohol content of this wine is 18 ~ 55% (v/v), and the sugar content is below 309/ 100mL.
(2) Preparation of plant-based liquor
Plant-based wine is a mixed wine with different wine bases and plant medicinal materials as the aroma source, which requires all kinds of aroma types to be coordinated, such as acanthopanax bark, lotus white, bamboo leaf green and so on.
(3) Wine brewed by animals
Animal-based mixed wine is made of white wine or yellow wine as the wine base, and some animals with special curative effects or their skins, horns, hairs, bones, organs and products as the flavor source or special ingredients. The medicinal materials used are allowed to have obvious special fragrance, but the fragrance is required to be coordinated and the taste is mellow and soft, such as velvet wine.
3. According to the different classification of wine base
It is a common method to classify the wine bases used in China.
1) Mixed wine based on yellow wine, such as white-haired black-bone chicken nourishing wine in Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province.
2) Blended wine mainly composed of wine and fruit wine, such as ginseng wine from Tonghua Winery.
3) Blended wines based on distilled liquor or edible alcohol, such as Acanthopanax Senticosus, Zhuyeqing, Lianhuabai, Shiquan Dabu Liquor, Yuanqing Liquor, etc.
There are many kinds and styles of mixed wine, which is difficult to classify. The popular classification method is to divide the mixed wine into three categories: aperitif (aperitif), liqueur (liqueur), and mixed wine and medicated wine in China.
Blended wine is also called blended wine.