The three outstanding figures in Rosaceae-rose, Chinese rose and rose-are actually all Rosa plants. In Chinese, people are used to calling the single variety with large flower diameter as rose, the small cluster as rose, and the one with refined essence as rose. But in English, they are all called rose. According to the current officially registered varieties of Rose, there are about 30,000.
In addition, cut roses are actually Chinese roses. Rose belongs to the deciduous shrub Rosa of Rosaceae, with prickly branches. Odd-pinnate compound leaves, 5-9 leaflets, oval, spiny, wrinkled surface, most stipules and petioles united. Flowers are solitary and clustered, purple, pink, yellow, white and fragrant.
Use of Rose: Rose is an international fragrance, and there are many products that can be developed with petals and buds as raw materials. At present, the main products developed are: rose essential oil, rose extract, purified oil, rose sugar, dried rose flowers, etc., which are extremely precious natural products, and are used as advanced perfumes, medicines, foods, cosmetics, essences, spices and handicrafts.
The spices extracted from roses are natural spices, which are beneficial to people's health. Therefore, the supply of goods is popular in the international market. Bulgaria and Morocco, the main foreign countries producing roses, are restricted by factors such as geography, land area and labor force, and cannot develop further. In the international market, demand exceeds supply, and prices are rising. Due to the limitation of climatic conditions, the artificial planting area in other parts of China is not large enough to meet the market demand, which provides a good opportunity for us to expand rose planting.
According to the climate and geographical conditions, as long as the management measures are kept up, the requirements for the growth and development of roses can be well met, and the yield of flowers per mu in full bloom can reach 500-700 kg. And planting in one year can benefit ten years, which is indeed a project to enrich the country and enrich the people.
Plant morphology
Erect shrubs. Stems are clustered and have thorns. Odd-pinnate compound leaves alternate, with 5-9 leaflets, 5-13cm petiole, oval or oval shape, length1.5-4.5cm, width1-2.5cm, and acute or obtuse apex. The base is rounded or broadly wedge-shaped. The edge has sharp serrations, the upper part is hairless, dark green, the veins are sunken and wrinkled, the lower part is hairy and glandular, the petiole and leaf axis are fluffy, and the petiole and leaf axis are sparsely prickly and hairy; Stipules are mostly attached to the petiole, with glandular points on the edge; The spines at the base of petiole are often paired. Flowers are solitary in leaf axils or clustered, bracts are oval, with glandular hairs on the edges, pedicels are 5-25mm long and densely covered with villi and glandular hairs, and flowers are 4-5.5cm in diameter, with sparse hairs on the upper part and glandular hairs and hairs on the lower part; The corolla is bright, purple and fragrant; Pedicels have villi and glands. Rose fruit is oblate and red when ripe, with many achenes and persistent sepals.
Roses are called "rose flowers" because of their prickly stems. Bai Juyi, a poet, has a saying that "the mud is connected with the calyx, and the rose thorns around the branches". Roses can be extracted from high-grade perfume rose oil, which is more expensive than gold, so roses are called "golden flowers". Rosehip fresh product
Huaguo
Flowers bloom from April to May in summer. Flowers are solitary or clustered at the top of branches, including red, purple, white and green, and there are single petals and double petals. Fruiting period: August-September, oblate. Originally from China, it has been cultivated for ornamental purposes.
be distributed
Roses are native to dry areas in central and eastern Asia; Now it is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest China and Southwest China, Japan, North Korea, North Africa, Mexico and India, and is also widely planted in many other countries. Like sunshine, drought, waterlogging and cold, it is suitable for growing in fertile sandy soil.
Bulgaria is the world's largest producer of roses and is known as the "land of roses". The rose is the national symbol of Bulgaria. It is said that its output is enormous. Otherwise, let's calculate that Bulgaria produces 1200 kg of rose oil every year, and each kg of rose oil needs 2000~5000 kg of petals. There are hundreds of kinds of roses planted. In the early summer of each year, there is a sea of flowers in the "Rose Valley" at the southern foot of balkan mountains, and all kinds of roses are in full bloom. In many roadside flower beds and residential gardens, roses are also blooming everywhere. The rose oil produced in Bulgaria is pure in texture and rich in fragrance, with the highest annual output of 2 tons, and its export volume has always ranked first in the world.
chemical composition
1, the main components in the volatile oil contained in the flower are linalool, linalyl fformate, β-citronellol, citronellyl formate, citronellylacetate and geramul. Ger-anylformate, ger-anylacetate, phenylethanol12, Nerol and 3- methyl-1- butanol (3-methyl- 1-butanol) trans-β-basilene (2-tridecanone), pentadecane, 2- tridecanone (2-trid ecan one). -pentanol), 1- eugenol (1-hexanlo), 3- vinyl ester (3-hexnol), ethyl acetate (hexyl acetate), 3-vinyl acetate (3-hexyl acetate), benzylalcohol (Benzyl alcohol).
2. Volatile components of pollen: 6- methyl -5- heptene -2- one, yakol acetate, neral, geranial, yakol, citronellol acetate and geranylacetone. 2- Unde-canone, 2- tridecanone, 2- pentadecanone, tetradecanal β-phenylethanol, eugenol, methyl eugenol, β-phenylethyl acetate 3.
3. Trace components that play an important role in aroma: β-damascone, roseoxide and a- perillene. Flowers also contain quercetin, cyanin, organic acids, β-carotene, fatty oil, etc.
Medicinal rose is mainly used as medicine in bud, and its leaves and roots can also be used as medicine. Rose has the functions of regulating qi, promoting blood circulation, and regulating menstruation, and has a unique curative effect on symptoms such as liver and stomach gas pain, irregular menstruation, leucorrhea with reddish discharge, initial furuncle and traumatic injury, and can also be used for dietotherapy. For example, rose tea can treat epigastric pain caused by esophageal spasm. Besides medicine, the aromatic oil extracted from rose sells well in domestic and foreign markets, and its price is1~ 2 times that of gold, not only for the world. In addition, it is often used as a high-grade spice additive for candy, cakes, drinks and champagne. Cultivation method The fruit is enclosed in a receptacle, oblate, green at first, and orange-red when ripe. Roses are easy to breed and cultivate. Breeding is mostly carried out by sowing, dividing plants and cutting. Sowing should be done in autumn, and the seeds should be stored in sand. Sand storage treatment method: mix a small amount of soil with sand and wet it with water, so that it can be agglomerated by hand and granulated when scattered. Then wash the seeds and mix them into the sand. In sunny or semi-shady places, dig an east-west trench with a width of 60 cm and a depth of 80 cm, and bury the sand mixed with seeds in it, leaving pores. Dig it out in the early spring of the following year, and it is best to plant it if the seeds are broken. The ramet propagation can be carried out in spring and autumn, and autumn is better. The seedlings of 1~2 years old are separated from the old plants with some roots, and the wounds can be disinfected better and survive easily. Cutting, mostly in July ~ August. Two-year-old robust branches are selected, and 15~20 cm long sections are cut as cuttings, each cutting needs at least three leaf buds, and the lower part is cut into horseshoe-shaped oblique shape, and the upper part is parallel. Pot insertion and border insertion can be used. After insertion, shade and sun protection should be provided, and water should be sprinkled frequently to maintain a certain humidity and temperature. It takes about a month to take root and become a new plant, and it can be transplanted after one year.
Roses like light, sunshine, cold and drought, and do not need special protection against freezing in northern winter. As long as there is no drought, you can grow without watering. The requirements for soil are not strict, and generally fertile soil can grow vigorously, flourish and bloom well. Fertilize frequently in summer, once every 15~20 days, and water it in time after fertilization to prevent seedlings from burning. Prune in autumn to prevent excessive growth and affect flowering and plant appearance. There are many aphids in roses, so we should pay attention to prevention and control.
The cultivation of roses is not strict with soil, but moderate alkaline or micro-soil is the most suitable, and slightly acidic soil is also acceptable. Therefore, roses should be planted in fields with sunny ventilation and good irrigation and drainage conditions, and in fertile loam on the edge of the land. Rose should avoid low-lying and waterlogging-prone areas. When waterlogging occurs, the lower leaves turn yellow and fall off, and even the whole plant dies. The flower bud and germination of roses require an average temperature above 7 degrees, and an effective accumulated temperature of 365 degrees is required from the initial stage of germination to the bloom stage, which generally depends on the temperature. Dry hot wind and soil drought are the most taboo in the rose period, and irrigation can be carried out in the bud stage for fields with water conservancy conditions. Roses stop growing twice in the process of production and development (generally called summer sleep in June-July; 11-1February is called hibernation). At this time, branches do not grow and branches do not elongate. Summer dormancy is the best pruning period for flower-picking seedlings, and base fertilizer and overwintering water can be applied in hibernation to lay the foundation for stable and high yield of flower buds in the coming year.
Disease control:
The main disease of roses is powdery mildew. The disease spreads quickly and causes serious harm, so prevention should be given priority. In the early stage, the stems and leaves can be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture or stone sulfur mixture. After flowering, triadimefon (preferably water) can be used for foliar spray treatment.