The word "Hakka" originated in Siyi area of Guangdong Province, which is the name of Siyi ethnic group to the ethnic group who moved from eastern Guangdong at that time (Qing Dynasty) (also known as resurgence Lai Min). In the old days, the elders in the southern Hakka areas all claimed to be Fu Guang people, Lingdong people or Zhou Xun people, Jiaying people, Tingzhou people, Shaozhou people and Ganzhou people, or they were directly named after local counties. The word "Hakka" is widely known because of Luo Xianglin's Hakka theory, and has gradually become the name of ethnic groups. Many people began to embrace it and call themselves Hakka, but there are still many areas that are still unclear about this title.

The earliest person who studied and recorded the Hakka problem was Xu, a peacemaker from Huizhou in Qing Dynasty. His Notes on Hu Feng was written in the twentieth year of Jiaqing and the twentieth year of Yihai in Qing Dynasty (18 15), and he was the first person to systematically discuss Hakka issues. It is particularly noteworthy that Xu defined and discussed Hakka in Hu Feng's Notes. Xu Xu once advocated that Hakkas moved southward from the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The relationship between Li Chen and the Han nationality in the Central Plains gives a fundamental description of Hakka loyalty, diligence, poetry, calligraphy, cultivation and martial arts. It is not complicated, but it is programmatic. Hakka ethnic group is an important ethnic group that has lived in the south of China for more than 2,000 years since the Qin Dynasty, and it is the main local ethnic group in Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. Take Guangdong as an example. Compared with other Han people in Guangdong, the Hakka ethnic group was formed later (the term Hakka ethnic group was formed later here). In fact, Hakkas are a local people with thousands of years' history. At the same time, Hakkas came to Guangdong no later than other Han people. The earliest residents of Meizhou, Heyuan and Huizhou in Guangdong Province were Hakka ancestors who assimilated some of the local aborigines. Several ethnic groups in Lingnan have already merged with Lingnan aborigines, but large-scale integration began in Lingnan, Qin Zheng. After three immigration climaxes in Jin, Tang, Song and the end of Ming Dynasty (from the Central Plains, including Lingbei areas such as Chu, wuyue and Fujian), a relatively stable Han ethnic group was finally formed.

Traditionally, the roots of Hakkas are in Heluo. There are three bases for "taking root in Heluo": ① According to genealogy records, many Hakka genealogies record that ancestors lived in Heluo. (2) the legend of mount tai Shi Gandang. ③ Hakka classical Chinese; It's a kind of Mandarin, much like Henan dialect in Zhongzhou. Rooting in Heluo means that the lowest level of Hakka dialect comes from Heluo, not necessarily most Hakka people come from Heluo; In fact, there are many Hakka surnames, and each surname has its own specific source.

Note: "Heluo Banner" is a transliteration of Hǒk lò láng in Minnan dialect, which refers to Fulao people, not Hakkas. 1, formation time

Regarding the formation time of Hakka dialect, the main viewpoints are as follows: the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty; Song and Ming dynasties.

It is generally believed that in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Hakka group differentiated into a branch of the Han nationality and began to form a scale. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were a large number of people and they became a great social force. By the Qing Dynasty, the self-awareness of Hakkas was stronger and they were very active on the social stage. The main basis for the formation of Hakka dialect in the Southern Song Dynasty: (1) the formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty. Immigrants who moved to the south kept some local accents of their hometown Central Plains, while those who stayed in Central Plains kept some original accents of ancient Chinese. This does not mean that the ancient Chinese factor has completely disappeared in modern northern languages. Among the branches of Min dialect, there are some obvious expressions of ancient Jiangnan dialect (ancient Wu dialect) and the Central Plains of the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. Cantonese, with some obvious ancient sounds of Qin and Han dynasties and expressions of the Central Plains in Song and Yuan Dynasties; The pronunciation of Hakka dialect is more inherited from the Central Plains accent in Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties. Cantonese inherits two languages, North and South, so it is similar to Min dialect and Hakka dialect. (2) A considerable population. Population is the carrier of nation and clan. Without a certain number of people, there is no nation or clan. It is difficult to estimate the historical population of Hakka by statistics, but it can be analyzed from the number of counties in Hakka concentrated areas. (3)*** The geographical environment is the same: the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces. First, the small watershed farming economy laid an economic foundation for the formation of Hakka people. B. customs and habits caused by small watersheds. These immigrants live in small basin mountain villages and get a relatively stable living environment under closed geographical conditions. The original dialects and customs were retained after the integration with the original residents. (4) Same-sex social action: an important foundation for Hakkas to become independent clans. The Hakka settlements in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong are connected, and the economic sources are such as Gannan and Tingzhou people renting land in Meizhou during the Southern Song Dynasty. In terms of political struggles, such as the peasant uprising led by Fan, Yu and Chen in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang in Jiangxi and Jiangxi provinces. Step 2 form a region

The main viewpoints are: southern Jiangxi, western Fujian, northern Guangdong and northeastern Guangdong.

(1) Hakka hinterland and base camp: Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong border region (eight counties of Ganzhou, Tingzhou, Meizhou, Heyuan and Huizhou);

(2) The main road of Hakka: Shicheng;

(3) Hakka anchorage: Ganzhou (the cradle of Hakka);

(4) Hakka postal kiosk: Shek Pik;

(5) Hakka capital: Tingzhou (before the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties);

(6) World Guest Capital: Meizhou;

(7) Hakka Overseas Chinese Town/Hakka Overseas Chinese Capital: Huizhou;

(8) Hakka ancient town: Longchuan (Heyuan, Xingning and Wuhua);

(9) Hakka state: Shaoguan (the fifth state of Hakka).

Review,

As early as the late Qing Dynasty, it was mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes on Hu Feng Lake written by scholar Xu: "Tingzhou in Fujian, Nan 'an, Ganzhou and Ningdu in Jiangxi, Nanxiong, Shaozhou, Lianzhou, Huizhou and Jiaying (now Meizhou) in Guangdong, Tai Po and Fengshun in Chaozhou and Longmen in Guangzhou are all genera. The four Hakka States are Huizhou, Meizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou. The legend of Shibi in Ninghua, Fujian Province is the center of the formation of Hakka clans, and it is called "Hakka ancestral land". Meizhou is called "Hakka Capital of the World" because it is the most important ancestral home of overseas Hakka. Ganzhou is closely related to the formation of Hakka clans and is called the "cradle of Hakka". Shaoguan is the main successor of the world-famous "Hakka fifth state".

Huizhou

Huizhou Prefecture is the largest hometown of Hakka overseas Chinese, including Guishan (now Huicheng, Huiyang, Huidong, Longgang and Yantian), Boluo, Changning (now Xinfeng), Yong 'an (now Zijin), Heyuan, Li Anping, Longchuan, Haifeng, Lufeng and peace county. Its economic development is ahead of Meizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou among the four Hakka states. As far as Hakka overseas Chinese are concerned, Huizhou, the Hakka overseas Chinese community, is the most well-known hometown place name. In addition, there is a unique dialect (Huizhou dialect/Huicheng dialect) which is still controversial in the original Huizhou Fucheng.

Huizhou is not only one of the symbols of Hakka overseas Chinese culture, but also one of the symbols of Hakka marine culture. The Hakka culture in Guishan, Haifeng and Lufeng ranks first among the "four Hakka States" overseas. Although Huizhou is not a pure Hakka area, as the original birthplace of Hakka studies, Huizhou has its historical inevitability. Huizhou is an important part of Hakka's final base camp and one of the important hometowns of overseas Hakka. From the perspective of Hakka studies on the development mechanism of Hakka culture, Huizhou is one of the touchstones and performance venues of Hakka culture. Huizhou culture is an inseparable part of Hakka cultural system.

Meizhou

Meizhou is the most important settlement and distribution center for Hakkas. It has hosted the World Hakka Conference and the World Merchants Conference, and is known as the "Hakka Capital of the World". The fourth migration of Hakkas occurred when Meizhou had formed a settlement or distribution center, which was of great historical significance for Meizhou to be recognized as a "cultural center" and even a "guest capital" in the future.

Meizhou is the second largest hometown of Hakka overseas Chinese. There are more than 7 million overseas Chinese and more than 2 million compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan in more than 80 countries and regions in the world. Of the 5 million Hakkas in Taiwan Province Province, 6.5438+0.8 million are from Meizhou. Among overseas Hakka overseas Chinese, the number of people whose ancestral home is Meizhou is second only to Huizhou Prefecture. In order to show the inheritance of China's traditional culture, overseas Chinese organizations generally still use old place names.

Ganzhou

Ganzhou (formerly known as Qianzhou) was an undeveloped wilderness except for a few local aborigines before the Hakkas moved in. However, after five great migrations of Han people from the Central Plains to the south, Ganzhou became the largest settlement of Hakkas. 0/8 counties (cities, districts) in the whole city/KLOC-except for several residential areas such as zhanggong district and Jiading Town in Xinfeng County, the rest belong to Hakka dialect areas, and the Hakka people account for more than 95% of the total population of the city. There are not only "old Hakkas" scattered in the world since the Tang and Song Dynasties, but also "new Hakkas" who moved back to Ganzhou from eastern Guangdong and western Fujian in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is the most populous city among the four Hakka States, but there are few overseas Chinese, and its popularity abroad is far lower than that of Huizhou Prefecture. Ganzhou dialect includes local dialect (old Hakka dialect, belonging to Guangxi dialect), Guanglao dialect (new Hakka dialect, belonging to Hakka dialect Ninglong dialect) and Fucheng dialect (also known as Ganzhou dialect, belonging to southwest mandarin). Ganzhou area is known as the first hotbed of Hakka people and the cradle of Hakka culture.

Tingzhou

Tingzhou Prefecture is a famous Hakka ancestral home, and most of the Hakkas in various places can be traced back to Ninghua County as their ancestral home. The overseas Chinese in Tingzhou Prefecture are the most native in Yongding County. Unfortunately, "Tingzhou" has become a historical term. The original counties of Tingzhou Prefecture were managed by Sanming City and Longyan City respectively, so Tingzhou, Huizhou, Meizhou and Ganzhou are also called "Hakka Four States", which has a sense of chaos in time and space. Although Ninghua County in Gu Ting is called Hakka ancestral land, Tingzhou's position among the four Hakka states is only below Huizhou and Meizhou.

Shaozhou

Gushao Prefecture (northern Guangdong, now mainly inherited by Shaoguan City, but not limited to Shaoguan City. ) is the world-famous "Hakka fifth state", located in the Beijiang River Basin. About 80% of the population of Beijiang (Shaoguan and Qingyuan) should be Hakka, including Yingde and Nanxiong, which are basically Hakka territories. Beijiang culture belongs to Hakka culture. Shaoguan is a prefecture-level city dominated by Hakkas, and it is one of the Hakka settlements. More than 90% people in this area speak Hakka as their mother tongue. Although quite a few residents in Shaoguan now use Cantonese, obviously, compared with the residents who speak Hakka, Cantonese speakers are the guests, because they are not the early residents of Shaoguan, but went north from Guangzhou in the 1940s to escape the war.

In the ninth year of Emperor Yangdi's reign in Huang Kai (589), after the reform of Donghengzhou, Shaozhou was established and located in Qujiang County (now the west bank of Wujiang River). The widest range of Shaozhou includes Shaoguan area (only Xinfeng County was originally Zhou Xun) and Qingyuan area (only Qingyuan City was originally Zhou Fan). Shaozhou is one of the most important and indispensable Hakka hometowns, and the Hakka base camp consists of five state capitals including Shaozhou. Gushao Prefecture is connected to Ganzhou in the north, Huizhou in the east, Hezhou in Guangxi in the west and Guangzhou in the south. Ganzhou and Huizhou, which are connected by Shaozhou, are both important areas where Hakka culture prevails, so Shaozhou occupies an important position in Hakka base camp. Zhu De mentioned in In Memory of Mother: "My family is a tenant farmer. Guangdong Shaoguan people, Hakkas. "

In Qing Dynasty, Gushao Mansion belonged to Shaozhou Mansion, Nanxiong Mansion and Lianzhou Mansion, and Nanshao Lianzhou Mansion all originated from Gushao Mansion, which was an important part of Hakka base camp and the hometown of Hakka recorded in Miscellanies of Hu Feng. Hakka origin in Gushao area has a long history, which can be traced back to Hengpu, Huangxi and Yangshan areas after Qin unified Lingnan. Zhang Jiuling, a famous figure in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, dug Meiling Meiguan and introduced immigrants from the Central Plains to Lingnan. Next, we can recall the foundation laid by the wave of immigrants in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Today, Shaoguan is still the hometown of Xishu.