It is a problem of China's phonology that Peking Opera is divided into sharp groups.

First of all, why should Peking Opera be divided into sharp groups? Secondly, how to distinguish the Sharp group.

Beijing opera is divided into sharp-voiced groups because the sharp-voiced groups have different sources. According to the statement of 30 or 36 characters in Tang and Song Dynasties, there are two different initials in ancient Chinese. One is the essence, clarity, obedience, heart and evil in dental sounds, and the other is the sight, flow, ambiguity, dawn and frame in dental throat sounds.

Judging from its combination with vowels, it can be divided into two different pronunciations: overtone and consonant. The so-called Hongxi is divided according to the loudness of vowels. As long as we know that the vowel of the soft sound is either "Yi" or "Yu" or the middle sound contains "I" or "U"; But these two systems have different initials because of different dialects. Or "Z", "C" and "S" and "J", "Q" and "X" in Mandarin, such as Suzhou and Changsha; Or they are all pronounced as "J", "Q" and "X", such as Beijing and Hankou. So, for example, there are differences in initials between Suzhou dialect and Changsha dialect, such as sacrifices and plans, wives and dates, and western and western, but there is no difference between Beijing dialect and Hankou dialect.

Peking Opera used to be called HuiDiao and HanDiao. At that time, singers used the method of Kunqu opera to sing words with the same background in two different pronunciations according to dialects or rhymes. When I went to Huiban and went to Beijing, I formed Peking Opera. This kind of singing is different from the local pronunciation, so the two pronunciations are given different names, and there is a saying of sharp group sounds.

Sharp words are sharp sounds, which can describe the state of pronunciation, so they are used as the representation of sharp sounds; The word "Tuan" just takes a relatively different name, which has nothing to do with the pronunciation of Tuan sound. If we want to give a definition to the group sound of sharp sounds, we can say that all the words with the initials of Jing, Qing, Shun, Xin and Xie in ancient sounds have vowels of yi or yu, or words with "I" and "U" as intermediate sounds are sharp sounds, so we should read the beginning of "Z", "C" or "S". In addition, the words beginning with "J", "Q" and "X" in Beijing pronunciation are all grouped sounds, that is, they are pronounced according to Beijing pronunciation. In the past, some people regarded all the pronunciations starting with "z", "c" and "s" in Putonghua as sharp sounds. Words such as Zi, Nv and Si have nothing to do with words that sound in groups, so they don't need to be distinguished (for southerners, they need to be distinguished from words such as zh, ch and sh, which is another matter). This statement is meaningless. Some artists pronounce the military word "Zun", which is equivalent to mispronouncing the mother-in-law as the mother-in-law, which seems to involve the sharp group. However, the sound of "Zun" belongs to "He Kou" in Putonghua, and it is also the "red sound" of "Opening", which is just the opposite of the "fine sound" of "Qi" or "Cukou".

As for how to distinguish the sharp group, rote memorization is generally used. It's very troublesome, and I'm worried about remembering things wrong.

Our country has the most pictophonetic characters, and now people can read. It is a good idea to refer to the radicals of pictophonetic characters instead of relying entirely on memory. For example, if seven words are called sharp sounds, then cut out from the seven sounds and cut out from the sound are all sharp sounds. Another example is the sharp sound, and the vowels of the word from and Yu are related to "one" or "Yu", such as falling, maggot, elder sister and falling, which can also be pushed into a sharp sound. But some people write the word "go", which is not only useless, but also may be mispronounced because the word "go" is empty. Chinese mainland's writing reform destroyed some sound and shape systems. If we regard the constitution as a constitution, we will make mistakes if we read it thoroughly and read it wrongly. What's more, the phonetic symbols of pictophonetic characters are the same, crossing the sharp group. For example, "Xuan" is a sharp sound, although the words "Xuan" are the same, but the group sound means begging for the soul to memorize. This phenomenon is extremely rare, and there is still a "off-page reference method". ) It's just that the rote learning method also has its own defects. In addition to the possible accidental memory mentioned above, there is also the question of the source of knowledge. The ancient sound is not familiar to everyone, so whether it is taught by teachers and friends or discussed by famous people, it is not necessarily true. What you see and hear on weekdays is an example, so I won't tell you.

Now introduce a simple method to correctly judge the tip and the ball. List the following tables:

A good mother works, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes.

Qing mother warehouse, money, Cai, Cang, jade, Qing, vinegar, qi, Ben, Qin, Dong, Qu, Nv, and He.

From mother's yesterday, neglect, talent, existence, hiding, squatting, illness, kindness, Qin, ego, craftsman, gradual progress, and feelings.

Mother su, xian, sang, su, speed, interest, fragrance, privacy, thinking, thinking, faith, thinking, although, knowing, writing, Xu, Xu.

The evil mothers are Xu, Xiang, Xiang, Si, Ci, Zhu, Sui, Xun,.

Every word in the table is an "anti-cutting word" used by Guang Yun (a rhyme book of Song Dynasty) to mark the five mothers of reading essence, purity, smoothness, mind and evil respectively. "Reverse tangent" is a way for the ancients to express the pronunciation of a word with two words. For example, the book says, "Tianjin will cut its neighbors." "Jianglin" is used to explain the reverse pronunciation of Tianjin dialect. The word "Jiang" is called "backward cutting", which is used to represent the initials of Tianjin. There is a word "Jiang" under "Jingmu" in the table, which means that the initials of the golden character belong to Jingmu in ancient times, and the golden character is called "Qizi". The word "adjacent" is called "cut the word", which is the vowel of Tianjin. (Not relevant to this article. According to the explanation of the origin of "sharp characters" in the last article, we can realize that sharp characters in Beijing opera must not belong to the range of "cutting characters" with the word "anti-cutting characters" in the table. Because the "sharp words" must be in the range of reading "J", "Q" and "X" in Putonghua, we can say that all words starting with "J", "Q" and "X" are sharp words in the place where Guang Yun is reading in Putonghua, so it is necessary to read "J" and "X" in Putonghua respectively. The word "living in Tianjin for thousands" is an example. On the other hand, when reading the words "J", "Q" and "X" in Mandarin, what Guang Yun can't see in the table is the group sound. For example, the word "Jin" is euphemistically pronounced by Guang Yun, and there is nothing in the vocabulary, so it is a group word. In this way, there will be absolutely no mistakes. Therefore, as long as you have a Guang Yun with a "search word" (if there is no "search word", it is not convenient to look it up), you can easily solve any questions about vowels.

On the catchiness of Peking Opera

In short, the words in Beijing Opera that are different from Mandarin in phonology (except tone) are catchy words. In other words, catchy words are the archaic and dialect words that are still preserved in the singing of Beijing Opera. The ancient sound comes from Zhongyuan rhyme (or Zhongzhou rhyme). Dialects come from Hubei, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu and other places. Readability means easy reading.

In Mandarin, there are many sounds and vowels that can't be put together. If there are words that can't be put together in Beijing Opera, they are catchy words. For example, the initials B, P, M, F and the vowel ong can't be spelled together, but in Beijing Opera, "Bounce" is pronounced bong, "Peng" is pronounced pong, "Dream" is pronounced mong, and "Feng" is pronounced fong. For another example, in the Putonghua language family, according to the rules, initials Z, C and S are not spelled with vowels of even-toothed sounds and paired sounds. If there are spellings, such as zian (arrow), cie (and), siang (fragrance), zü (poly), cü (marriage), süan (announcement) and so on. , they also belong to it. Of course, catchy words also belong to Mandarin syllables.

From the perspective of pronunciation and rhyming spelling, catchy words can also be divided into two categories:

The first category, non-Mandarin syllables.

Although the vowel (1) belongs to the Putonghua series, there are no such syllables in Putonghua, such as be (white), pe (beat), me (ink), kuo (home), mong (dream), zian (arrow), ciao (sadness) and siang (phase).

(2) Although all vowels belong to Putonghua series, they are all dialect initials, such as ηai (love), Yan (light),

νi (tail) and so on. ;

(3) Although the initials belong to Mandarin series, the vowels are all dialect initials, such as Ai Ji (street), Ai Xi (shoe),

Jio (sense), qio (ignorance), xio (learning), etc.

(4) Vowels and vowels are dialect vowels, such as úio (abuse). This kind of words is only a few words.

The second category, Mandarin syllables.

It belongs to Mandarin syllables, but it has a special pronunciation in Beijing Opera. For example, "Deng" reads Deng instead of Deng, "Bing" reads Bing instead of Bing, "Sheng" reads Shen instead of Sheng, and so on.

Catchy characters are mainly used in the lyrics of traditional Peking Opera.

1 for matching rhymes.

In "Goddess Scattering Flowers", the goddess sang Xipi running water.

Guanyin's full moon is full of pearls and wonderful faces (incense).

There are good talents and dragon girls standing in Siang;

The bodhi tree is full of flowers (Yang),

Green parrots and fairy birds are flying up and down in Lingyan Temple.

……

2. catchy words are used in sentences, and some words can be catchy or not. For example, the word "Shout" in Xie Yaohuan's "High Beat" and "Suddenly Heard a Shout in Class" is not catchy for Du Jinfang, who sings Han, while Li Weikang sings Shangqiang.

3, catchy words and adjacent words feel awkward, can not catchy. For example, Rili in Xi, Huansha goes to Qingxi River every day in Luo Shen, Today, all the sisters are playing with Chuanbin, Hongyang Cave and I beheaded at Yuanmen yesterday are interlinked. So the word "day" can be catchy here.

4, catchy but not catchy. The so-called derailment means running, not rhyming. For example, in "Hanging Scarlet Beetle", Kang read, "One day, if you want to, don't keep holding it." "Day", "time" and "day" don't rhyme (it should be said that they don't rhyme very much), but they do, so it's better not to rhyme.

5. Some old catchy words are not catchy. For example, "face" reads the sword, "roar" reads the sage, "war" reads the parallel or, "dragon" reads the dragon and so on. It is better not to be catchy than to make listeners and audiences puzzled.

6. Don't use homophone analogy to identify catchy words. Some words are homophones in Mandarin, but they are different in Beijing opera singing. For example, straightness and straightness, Chu and touch, and Shu and Shu are homophones, but in Beijing opera, straightness, Chu and Shu are catchy words, while straightness, touch and Shu are not catchy words. For example, the word "knowledge" in Life without Face (Feng Haichao) is catchy, while the word "knowledge" in Farewell My Concubine is not catchy, but a habit.

Words that are different in pronunciation and rhyme from Mandarin are catchy words.

The catchy words are the ancient sounds and dialect words that are still preserved in the singing of Beijing Opera.

The ancient sound comes from Zhongzhou Rhyme;

Dialects come from Hubei, Anhui, Henan, Jiangsu and other places.

The application and method are as follows:

A.it is used for matching rhymes.

B catchy words are used in sentences, some of which may or may not be catchy.

C. when a catchy word is not in harmony with the adjacent words, it may not be catchy.

D. catchy but not catchy. The so-called derailment means not rhyming.

E. some old catchy words are not catchy.

F. Don't use homophone analogy to identify catchy words. Some words are homophones in Mandarin, but they are different in Beijing opera singing.

G. don't find fault with catchy words.

Some catchy words are rare or have disappeared in daily life, and some catchy words have been lost from word to word among teachers and apprentices, which cannot be verified.

The above text refers to Baidu data.