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food crops
Five kinds of cereals in ancient times. There are many different opinions about "five grains" in ancient times, and the most important ones are two: one refers to rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice; The other refers to hemp, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. The difference between the two is that the former has rice without hemp, while the latter has hemp without rice. The ancient economic and cultural center was in the Yellow River valley, and the main producing area of rice was in the south, while the cultivation of rice in the north was limited, so there was no rice in the "five grains" at first.
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Different versions of grains
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Grain culture
Grains culture
Wugu art
Wugu grain painting
Appreciation of Grains Painting Works
[Edit this paragraph] Interpretation
Heading: five grains
Pinyin: wǔ gǔ
Basic explanation
[The five cereals of rice, two kinds of millet, when and beans] refers to grain, and the five grains are rice, millet, millet, wheat and beans.
Detailed explanation
Five kinds of grains. It means different things.
"Zhou Li Tian Guan Ji Yi": "Nourish its disease with five flavors, five grains and five medicines." Zheng Xuan's note: "Five grains, hemp, millet, millet, wheat and beans." "Mencius Teng Wengong": "Tree art five grains, the five grains are ripe and the people are educated." Zhao Qi's note: "Five grains are rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice." "Chu Ci Da Zhao": "There are six crops." Wang Yi's note: "Five grains, rice, millet, wheat, beans and hemp." "Su Wen, On the Method of Storing Qi": "Five grains are the nourishment." Bing Wang's Note: "It refers to japonica rice, adzuki bean, wheat, soybean and millet." In the Sutra of Capricorn in Suzhou: "Grains are barley, wheat, rice, soybean and flax." After that, the term "five grains" is not necessarily limited to five kinds.
Five-grain picture: Five-grain picture is a picture of landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, cartoons, abstractions, etc., which is based on all kinds of plant seeds and five-grain grains, and is pasted with other accessories by means of gluing, pasting, spelling, carving, etc., and is formed by special treatment of modelling technique such as composition, lines, light and shade, and color. Every picture of five grains has to go through a special process and adopt a permanent preservation technology, so that the works can be preserved and collected for a long time. Grains painting began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, it was a tribute to the emperor by Chongqing government. Dayan Five-grain Painting is a five-generation inheritance process of Tang Dayan, who is the inheritor of Chongqing Five-grain Painting.
basic concept
The five grains are millet (millet), bean (millet), millet, wheat and rice.
"Valley" originally refers to grain with shells; Like rice, millet (Ji meter, that is, millet) and millet (also known as yellow rice), there is a shell outside, so it is called valley. The sound of the word Gu comes from the sound of the shell. Grains were originally called five kinds of grains in China in ancient times, and later they generally referred to grain crops.
The common names are yellow rice, millet (commonly known as millet in the north), rice (commonly known as rice), wheat (the main material for making flour) and beans.
In addition, there have been discussions about the division of "five grains" into "sky valley", "earth valley", "hanging valley", "wind valley" and "Shui Gu". The "five grains" represented by heaven, earth, suspension, wind and water are not necessarily all grains: "Tiangu" contains crops such as rice, millet, sorghum, wheat and so on; "Digu" contains crops such as peanuts and sweet potatoes whose fruits grow underground; "Hanging Valley" refers to crops with fruits such as beans and melons on branches and vines; "Shui Gu" contains crops such as water chestnut and lotus root that grow fruits in water; Only the "wind valley" is special, which means that corn is a crop that spreads pollen through the wind and blows the pollen from the top of the head to the whiskers growing in the middle of the crop, thus bearing fruit. ----(I listened to the old farmer's dictation when I jumped the queue in the countryside)
There is a saying: "four bodies are not diligent, and the grain is not divided." Four bodies are limbs, that is, they are afraid of walking and working; Grains refer to: grains, millet, hemp, wheat and beans. The meaning of this sentence is that a lazy person does not change the essence of things, which means that a person is lazy in disguise. Because most people worked in agriculture in ancient times, people who didn't work didn't know what kind of crops were grains when they arrived in farmland, especially when the seedlings looked a little similar when they were young. The valley is characterized by several crops that live in arid areas in the north. So there can be no rice in the grain. Millet hulling is now millet; Millet hulling is yellow rice, which can be made into cakes by grinding, commonly known as yellow cakes in the north; Hemp is mainly used for agricultural production. Pockmarked seeds can be eaten, just like melon seeds. It is the same size as soybeans. The skin of his stem can also be used as rope, linen and hemp paper. It is a good crude fiber. The peeled stem can be used as firewood in ancient times, and it can be used to build houses. It has a little woody feeling. Now the skin and stem can be used to refine fibers and make various high-grade papers such as rice paper. Wheat and beans are well known, so I won't introduce them much. But it also evolved later.
[Edit this paragraph] Different versions of five grains
"Five grains" are the five kinds of grains referred to in ancient times. Books older than The Analects of Confucius, such as The Book of Songs and The Book of Classics, contain only "hundred grains" but no "five grains". From 100 grains to five grains, have the types of food crops decreased? That's not true. At the beginning, people often gave a proper name to several different varieties of a crop one by one, so there were many lists. Moreover, the word "hundred" here is only used to refer to many meanings, and there are not really one hundred kinds. The appearance of the term "five grains" indicates that people have a clear concept of classification, and at the same time, it reflects that there were five main food crops at that time.
There are many different opinions about "five grains" in ancient times, and there are two main ones:
When the term "five grains" was first created, there was no record of what it meant. The earliest explanation we can see now was written by Han people. There are two main explanations of Han people and people after Han: one is rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice (that is, soybean); Another way of saying it is hemp (refers to marijuana), millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. The difference between these two statements is that one has rice without hemp, and the other has hemp without rice. Although pockmarked seeds can be used for food, they are mainly used for weaving. Valley refers to grain, and the former statement does not include hemp in grain, which is more reasonable. But on the other hand, at that time, the economic and cultural center was in the north, rice was a southern crop, and the cultivation in the north was limited, so it was possible to have hemp in the grain without rice. The crops mentioned in the Book of Records of the Historian Tianguanshu, "Every year is beautiful and evil" (predicting the abundance of years), are wheat, millet, millet, glutinous rice and hemp, which belong to the latter statement. Probably because of these reasons, Han people and people after Han people have two different interpretations of grain.
When the two statements are combined, six crops are obtained: rice, millet, millet, wheat, glutinous rice and hemp. There are four articles devoted to agriculture in the famous book Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals in the Warring States Period (works in the third century BC), among which the article "Reviewing the Time" talks about the cultivation of six crops: millet, millet, rice, hemp, rice and wheat. The crops mentioned in the "Twelve Dynasties" article are also these six kinds.
Obviously, rice, millet, millet, wheat, rice and hemp were the main crops at that time. The so-called grain refers to these crops, or five of these six crops. However, with the development of social economy and agricultural production, the concept of five grains is constantly evolving. Now the so-called five grains are actually just the general name of food crops, or refer to food crops in general.
A general term for food crops. The theory of "five grains" appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Analects of Confucius: "Four bodies are not diligent, and five grains are not divided." But the explanations are different, one is millet, millet, wheat, rice; When it comes to millet, millet, wheat, millet and hemp. The main difference between these two statements lies in the existence of rice and hemp. The reason for the disagreement is that there were more than five kinds of crops at that time, and the existence of the theories of "100-grain", "6-grain" and "9-grain" is a clear proof, and the varieties of crops in different places are different. The popularity of the theory of "five grains" is obviously caused by the influence of the five elements. Therefore, generally speaking, grains refer to several major food crops.
According to historical records, the earliest planting of "five grains" appeared in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China was in the prosperous period of slavery society, and the varieties of crops planted by people increased, and the state strongly supported the development of agriculture. The "well-field system" implemented collective labor and improved labor productivity. During this period, a complete drainage irrigation system appeared, and people began to use manure, green manure and plant ash. These conditions made agriculture develop further in Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
[Edit this paragraph] Development
Although the concept of five grains has been in existence for more than two thousand years, the status of these crops in the national food supply has changed from time to time.
Millet, millet and other crops in the five grains have the characteristics of drought tolerance, barren tolerance and short growth period, so they occupy a particularly important position in the original cultivation of dry land in the north. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the characteristics of "keeping old and being easy to do" were discovered, and it became an indispensable food for people at that time together with millet. At the same time, it has been found that lodging wheat (winter wheat) can be planted in late autumn and early spring, and it can solve the problem of green and yellow. In addition, the invention of stone mill at this time has greatly improved the palatability of wheat from grain to pasta, which has attracted widespread attention and developed into one of the main food crops, and is comparable to millet. In the Confucian classic "Spring and Autumn Annals", it is not a book, but it is a book if the grain and wheat fail. It can be seen that saints attach the most importance to wheat and grain among the five grains. Agronomists Zhao Guo and Fan Sheng Zhi in the Western Han Dynasty devoted themselves to popularizing wheat planting in Guanzhong area.
The increase of Guanzhong population in Han Dynasty was closely related to the development of wheat farming. Until the Tang and Song Dynasties, the population in the north was more than that in the south. But after the Tang and Song Dynasties, the situation changed. China's population growth is mainly concentrated in the southeast, which is the land of Chu and Yue, which has been called "vast territory and sparsely populated" since Qin and Han Dynasties. In the Song Dynasty, the population of the south surpassed that of the north, which was estimated to be 6: 4. Since then, the population density in the south has been much higher than that in the north. The increase of population in South China is inseparable from rice production. Rice is very suitable for planting in the southern region with abundant rainfall, but at first it was inconspicuous and even excluded from the grain. However, it came from behind.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the status of rice in the national food supply was increasing day by day. According to Song Yingxing's estimation in the Ming Dynasty, at that time, seven tenths of rice was dominant in the food supply, while rice, wheat, millet, millet and other food crops, together, accounted for only three tenths of the total, which had been relegated to a secondary position. Soybean and hemp had withdrawn from the category of food crops and were only used as vegetables. However, when some crops withdrew from the ranks of grain crops, some crops joined the ranks of grain crops. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, corn, sweet potato and potato were introduced to China one after another and became an important part of the main grain crops in modern China.
1, which grains are "five grains", there are different opinions in the history of our country. One statement refers to millet, millet, rice, wheat and rice, which can be found in the ancient book "Zhou Li' Zhi Fang Shi"; Another way of saying it refers to hemp, millet, millet, wheat and beans, which is found in the ancient book Huai Nan Zi. At that time, people regarded hemp as food, so hemp was classified as food; Later, hemp was mainly woven with fibers, so it was not classified as food.
2. The custom of "five grains" gradually formed refers to five kinds of food crops: rice, wheat, millet, millet and glutinous rice. Millet refers to corn, including yellow rice, millet refers to millet, and glutinous rice refers to beans. 3. At present, "five grains" refers to all kinds of staple foods, generally referred to as grain crops, or "whole grains", including cereals (such as rice, wheat, corn, etc.), beans (such as soybeans, broad beans, peas, red beans, etc.), potatoes (such as sweet potatoes) and other miscellaneous grains. 2 "What is the grain? There are usually two kinds of sayings: one is rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice. On the other hand, it is millet, millet, hemp, wheat and glutinous rice. Five of them are food crops except hemp. Rice, millet, millet, wheat, Zizania latifolia and hemp are traditional crops in China. I should not only know them, but also know their habits and origins, otherwise, it will be "all crops will be divided".
3. What is the "five grains" in the Western Han Dynasty? The answer to the discovery of wooden slips unearthed in Xi' an Xinhuanet Xi' an1October 19 (Hu Yan Sizheng) What was the "five grains" that people ate in the Western Han Dynasty? Recently, a wooden slip unearthed in the southern suburbs of Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province revealed this answer. This rectangular wooden slipper with the word 177 on it is 23cm long, 4.5cm wide and 0.4cm thick, and its lower edge is slightly incomplete. The characters are mainly written in ancient calligraphy, with some cursive characters mixed in, which are mostly legible. The handwriting on this wooden slip is divided into 8 lines from right to left, and a small black dot is marked on the top of each line to show the beginning of the chapter. The number of words in each line varies from 15 to 25 words. The contents about the cultivation of five grains in the Han Dynasty are basically complete, which clearly records that the grains at that time refer to millet, beans, hemp, wheat and rice, and their order is not random. This is basically consistent with the contents recorded in the Japanese Book dedicated to choosing time and day in Qin and Han Dynasties. According to the archaeological staff, the tomb of this wooden slip unearthed is located in the Duling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty, which should be buried with Du Ling, so the owner of the tomb should be a senior official close to Emperor Xuandi of the Han Dynasty. Based on the analysis of the contents of the wooden slips, the identity of the tomb owner before his death should be related to the royal etiquette activities and agricultural production activities, so it is judged that his post should be Dahonglu or Dasinong. It is understood that the ancient records have always been ambiguous about which grains the "five grains" in the Han Dynasty refer to. The discovery of this wooden slip first clarified the types and names of "five grains" in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province during the Western Han Dynasty.
In addition, there is a saying in ancient Taoism that "all diseases come out when eating whole grains". Taoism believes that people who eat whole grains should accumulate dung in their intestines, which will produce foul gas and hinder the road to immortality. "Huangting Neijing Jing" says: "The earth-eating essence of Baigu, the evil spirits smell from the outside, and the fetish of stinking gods is zero. So, how can we get the baby back from being old?" At the same time, there are three worms (three corpses) in the human body, which rely on this valley gas to survive. With its existence, people have evil desires and cannot become immortals. Therefore, in order to clear the foul air in the intestine
To get rid of the three corpse worms, we must break through the valley. It is a way for alchemists and Taoists to cultivate immortality. Also known as "turning off the grain", "avoiding the grain", "breaking the grain", "breaking the grain", "stopping the grain" and "breaking the grain". Taoists imitate the immortal behavior described in "Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour", hoping to achieve the goal of immortality. Begging the valley originated in the pre-Qin period, and it was about the same time as the qi-moving technique. Yi life's core monuments, a collection of etiquette works before Qin and Han Dynasties, said: "The meat eater is brave and fierce, the grain eater is wise and clever, the gas eater dies as a god, and the non-eater dies as a god." After the establishment of Taoism, there were many people who inherited this technique and practiced the valley. According to The Biography of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the alchemist Wang Zhen of the Eastern Han Dynasty "has been off the valley for more than 200 years (when it is the mistake of" Japan "-the note of the leader), and his flesh is beautiful, and he is a horse and a horse, and he has several people." (4) The Biography of Fang Shu in the Later Han Dynasty states: "(Hao) Meng's energy-saving can last for five or ten years, including jujube stones and not eating." ⑤ Cao Zhi's Argument on Tao contains a story about how to be good at avoiding the valley, saying that he once tried it by "bowing to sleep with him", and "never leaving the valley for a hundred days, …… walking and living at ease". ⑥ Among the alchemists attracted by Cao Cao, Gan Shi, Zuo Ci, Feng Junda, and Lu girls all practiced valley-breaking.
Historical records show that there are so many people crossing the valley for months, years or even decades, which is inevitably exaggerated and untrue, but it is not purely illusory. 1988 1 7/The third edition of People's Daily, with the title "The peasant girl in Macheng has not been able to speak and act freely for ten years", reported that Xiong Reding, a 25-year-old girl in Yuexingtang Village, Xiongjiapu District, Macheng City, Hubei Province, suddenly became seriously ill at the age of 15, and her life was dying. After she escaped from danger, she stopped eating water. It has been ten years since then. Surprisingly, after eight years in bed, she was able to walk independently, talk and laugh freely, and do some housework. This is really a miracle on earth. If today's science can explain it and find out why, it will make great contributions to human science and modern health preservation.
rice
Rice, also known as japonica rice, is sweet and flat in taste, and has the effects of invigorating the middle energizer, invigorating the spleen and regulating the stomach, and removing polydipsia. In winter, the indoor heating is hot and the air is dry. Drinking rice porridge in the morning and evening can keep you away from the trouble of dry mouth. In particular, people with diabetes need to be reminded that different cooking methods of rice have different effects on blood sugar. Studies have shown that dry rice cooked with the same amount of rice has less influence on blood sugar than porridge. Therefore, it is beneficial to control blood sugar for diabetic patients to eat dry rice for breakfast.
millet
Millet, also known as millet, is sweet and flat in taste, and has the function of strengthening the spleen and regulating the stomach. It is suitable for people with deficiency heat of the spleen and stomach, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, postpartum and physical weakness after illness. When millet cooks porridge, it is covered with a delicate sticky substance, commonly known as "rice oil". Chinese medicine believes that rice oil is extremely rich in nutrition and has the strongest nourishing power, and there is a saying that "rice oil can replace ginseng soup".
wheat
Wheat is sweet, flat and slightly cold, and has the effects of invigorating spleen and kidney, nourishing heart and calming nerves. People who are upset and insomnia can cook porridge with wheat, rice and jujube. In addition, wheat bran contains high dietary fiber, which can prevent and treat hyperlipidemia, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hemorrhoids, senile constipation and colon cancer.
corn
Corn is sweet and flat, and has the functions of invigorating spleen, promoting diuresis, stimulating appetite, improving intelligence, calming the heart and promoting blood circulation. Linoleic acid in corn oil can prevent cholesterol from depositing on blood vessel wall, which has a positive effect on preventing hypertension and coronary heart disease. In addition, it also has diuretic and hypoglycemic effects, and is especially suitable for diabetics. American scientists also found that eating corn can stimulate brain cells and enhance human memory. Lutein and zeaxanthin contained in corn can prevent macular degeneration in the eyes of the elderly.
seed of Job's tears
Coix seed, also called Coix seed, contains far more protein than rice and flour, and is easy to digest and absorb, which is beneficial to reducing gastrointestinal burden and strengthening physique. Chinese medicine believes that coix seed is sweet and light in taste, slightly cold in nature, and has the functions of strengthening spleen, tonifying lung, clearing heat and promoting diuresis. Modern research has proved that coix seed has the effects of anti-tumor, enhancing immunity and lowering blood sugar. Cooking coix seed and rice porridge or adding appropriate amount of rock sugar can increase the appetite of tumor patients and reduce the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, coix seed contained in coix seed has inhibitory effect on striated muscle, which can reduce wrinkles. People who love beauty may wish to eat more.
kaoliang
Sorghum is sweet and warm, and has the function of strengthening the spleen and benefiting the stomach. For children with indigestion, it is advisable to fry sorghum in the pot, shell and grind it, and take 2 to 3 grams each time. However, sorghum is warm and contains tannic acid with astringent and antidiarrheal effects, so it is not suitable for constipation.
soybean
Soybean is flat and sweet, and has the function of strengthening spleen and benefiting qi. People with weak spleen and stomach should eat it often. Various bean products made from soybeans, such as bean curd and soybean milk, also have medicinal properties: bean curd can relax the middle energizer, clear away heat and disperse blood, and is especially suitable for people with phlegm-heat cough and asthma, colds and exogenous diseases, and sore throat.
Cereals mainly refer to the seeds of Gramineae plants. It includes rice, wheat, corn and other miscellaneous grains, such as millet, black rice, buckwheat, oats, coix seed rice and sorghum. Grain is the staple food through processing. It mainly provides 50%~80% heat energy, 40%~70% protein and more than 60% vitamin B 1. The nutrient content of cereals varies greatly due to the variety, origin, growth conditions and processing methods.
[Edit this paragraph] Grain culture
As a traditional diet of China people, cereal has been one of the indispensable foods on the table of ordinary people for thousands of years, occupying an important position in China's diet and being regarded as a traditional staple food.
"The Analects of Confucius and the Rural Party": "Although there is a lot of meat, it does not make it better than eating." This is when Confucius was an aristocrat in the Zhou Dynasty, the staple food (grain) should occupy the largest proportion according to the aristocratic living habits.
"Soul Pivot, Pricking the True Evil": "Those who are really angry are also affected by heaven, and those who are filled with valley gas." That is to say, the nutrition of grains is the most important nutrition for China people the day after tomorrow.
In recent years, scholars have a great controversy about the advantages and disadvantages of China people's focusing on grains.
American scholar Eugene N. Anderson pointed out in his book "China Food" that Chinese mainland has the highest mountain peak and the lowest basin, which is rich in animal and plant resources and has many foods to choose from; China people chose the most economical and poorly nourished grain, thus raising a large population.
Nie Wentao, a scholar in China, believes that since there are many foods to choose, it is relatively calm and rational to choose grains, which is a way of life advocated by ancient nobles; This is a national habit related to China's idea of keeping in good health, and it is grain protection.
In addition, there are differences between the two sides on the issue of protein content in cereals as a criterion for judging the quality of their food.
[Edit this paragraph] Grains Culture
Grain culture plays an important role and can be described as the origin of human civilization. According to authoritative data, human beings have observed traces of sorghum on stone tools hundreds of thousands of years ago, indicating that grains have bred human beings for more than 100 thousand years. It is a feat in human history that human beings cultivate wild weeds into coarse grains, which gave birth to human civilization. At the same time, tell the world that human beings have an indissoluble bond with grains. Grain painting is the highest artistic embodiment of grain culture and an artistic portrayal of grain culture.
[Edit this paragraph] Five Grains Art
Five-grain painting originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, it was once a tribute from the Chongqing government to the emperor. Chongqing was the birthplace of Chinese five-grain painting, which later developed northward and was also distributed in Shaanxi and Shanxi. Teacher Tang Dayan is the inheritor of Chongqing Grain Painting. There are many names in the spread process of grain paintings. According to folk traditions, they should be called "grain paintings", referred to as "grain paintings" or "grain paintings", or euphemistically called "grain art". Some mountainous areas in northwest China are called "grain art", "valley art", "bean plastic painting", "100-meter map" and "rice painting". The five-grain grain painting originated in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, when the five grains were abundant, the country was prosperous and the people were safe. "Five grains" occupies a very high position in Buddhism and Taoism, and is regarded as a mascot to seize the essence of heaven and earth. The people regard "five grains" as a treasure to ward off evil spirits, so they use them for painting. It flourished in the Qing Dynasty and many schools were formed all over the country. In other dynasties, because of endless wars, the country was restless, so the grain painting could not flourish. The rise of contemporary grain painting reflects the prosperity of modern society, national unity and prosperity. The art of five grains is a true portrayal of a harmonious society. Teacher Tang Dayan's "Harvest of Five Grains" won the prize at the 10th Master of Arts and Crafts Expo in China, and it is a masterpiece of five-grain grain painting. It reflects the country's prosperity and strength since the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the Chinese nation stands among the world. Dayan shows the beautiful scene of today's China with the art of five grains, and Chongqing people are telling all mankind about the development of Chongqing culture with the art of five grains. Chongqing five-grain art is a business card of Chongqing, and it is a bridge and link between the Chinese nation and all ethnic groups in the world.
[Edit this paragraph] Five Grains Painting
Five-grain picture is a picture of landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, cartoons, abstractions, etc., which is pasted by various plant seeds and five-grain crops, by means of gluing, pasting, spelling and carving, and is formed by special treatment of modelling technique such as composition, lines, light and shade, color, etc. Every picture of five grains has to go through a special process and adopt a permanent preservation technology, so that the works can be preserved and collected for a long time. Grains painting began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, it was a tribute to the emperor by Chongqing government. Dayan Five-grain Painting is a five-generation inheritance process of Tang Dayan, who is the inheritor of Chongqing Five-grain Painting. Teacher Tang Dayan inherited and carried forward the traditional grain painting, and systematically classified the national grain painting, and divided the grain painting into four categories: primary color grain painting, color grain painting, composite color grain painting and luminous grain painting.