(Zhang Fuquan)
Spinosa [Zizyphus jujuba Mill—Z. spinosa (Bge) Hu] is also known as Zizyphus jujuba kernel and Zizyphus jujuba. It is a deciduous shrub of the Rhamnaceae family and is rarely a small tree. Distributed in Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan and other provinces, mainly produced in Hebei, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Henan and other places. Use jujube kernel as medicine. The seeds contain jujube kernel saponins A and B. The saponins generated after saponin acid hydrolysis can be further converted into ibelin lactone. In addition, it also contains organic acids, proteins, β-sitosterol and fatty oils. Pharmacological tests have shown that Ziziphus jujuba kernel has a sedative and hypnotic effect. It can inhibit the central nervous system and present a sedative and hypnotic phenomenon in rats no matter during the day or at night, in normal or pathological conditions. Ziziphus jujube kernel loses its sedative effect after being fried in oil for a long time. Stir-fried has a sedative and soporific effect. The sedative effect of Ziziphus Semen is very constant, and the incidence of sedation reaches 100%. Experiments have shown that extremely toxic amounts of jujube kernels can cause animals to die within 1 to 2 hours. Clinical observation has proved that jujube seeds are indeed effective in treating insomnia. For adults, 15-20 capsules (equivalent to 0.8-1.2g) can be effective. However, if the dosage is more than double the dose, poisoning may occur and the patient will lose consciousness and become drowsy. It tastes sweet, sour and neutral in nature. It has the functions of nourishing the heart and calming the nerves, nourishing the liver, benefiting the gallbladder, and controlling sweat. Mainly used to treat neurasthenia, insomnia, dreaminess, palpitations, and night sweats.
1. Morphological characteristics
Plant height is 1-3m. The bark is grey-brown with longitudinal fissures; the young branches are green with straight and curved thorns. Single leaves are alternate; stipules are needle-shaped; leaves are oval or ovate-lanceolate, 2-4.5cm long, 0.6-2cm wide, with blunt apex, rounded base, slightly skewed, finely serrated edges, smooth and hairless on both sides , 3 branch veins come from the base of the leaf. The flowers are small, yellow-green, with 2-3 clusters in the leaf axils; 5 sepals, oval-triangular, 5 petals, alternate with the calyx; 5 stamens, opposite to the petals; 10-lobed disk; ovary buried in the disk, Stigma 2-lobed. The drupe is nearly spherical or broadly oval, 10-15mm long, dark reddish brown when ripe, with thin flesh, sour taste and a large pit. The flowering period is from June to July, and the fruit ripening period is from September to October (Figure 15-73).
Figure 15-73 Morphological diagram of Ziziphus jujuba
2. Biological characteristics
The biennial seedlings of Ziziphus jujuba begin to bloom and bear fruit, and can continue to bear fruit for 70-80 years, or even longer century. It enters the peak fruiting period in 4-5 years, and the peak period can reach more than 10 years. It can grow into a small tree 4-5m high in 10 years. After the fruiting rate decreases, there must be planned harvesting and renewal, and new seedlings must be replanted. Ziziphus is highly adaptable and mainly grows in mountainous areas with less lush vegetation and sunny and dry slopes, hills, valleys, plains and roadsides. In arid barren mountains or loess, sand and gravel soil, jujube can not only survive, but also grow in patches, and can even survive in the cracks of rocks in barren mountains. Alkali tolerant, drought tolerant and cold tolerant. It can be cultivated on scattered lands such as hillsides, wastelands, roadsides, and ditch edges. Not suitable for low-lying waterlogged areas.
There are three types of branches in Ziziphus jujube, namely growing branches, fruiting mother branches and abscissive fruiting branches. As a result, the mother plant is a very short branch, mainly on the permanent secondary branches of the growing branch, and grows about 0.1-0.3cm per year. Abscissive fruiting branches are extracted from the accessory buds under the mother fruiting branches and fall off in winter.
As a result, as the age of the mother branch increases, the proportion of 3-4 abscission branches increases significantly. However, the fruiting ability is still the strongest in 1-2-year-old, especially biennial mother branches (Table 15-52).
Table 15-52 Fruiting mother branches of different ages and their fruiting ability
The fruiting mother branches are the main fruiting part of Ziziphus jujube and can bear fruit continuously for more than ten years. Therefore, in cultivation, we must pay attention to the cultivation of fruit-bearing mother branches, strive to maintain their fruit-bearing ability, conduct reasonable pruning, renew and rejuvenate in a timely manner, and prevent premature aging.
3. Cultivation technology
(1) Propagation method
Use seeds and divisions to propagate.
1. Seed propagation technique
Use seeds to propagate and then plant them. This method has a large propagation volume and is suitable for large-area cultivation.
(1) Seed treatment
Seeds sown in spring must be treated. Before winter, mix the soaked seeds and wet sand at a ratio of 1:3, put them into a pit 0.7m deep and 0.7m wide, fill it with 10-14cm thick clean sand, trample it firmly, and then add firewood. Take out and sow seeds when the frost thaws in the coming spring.
(2) Sowing period
Spring sowing is carried out after thawing. Autumn sowing is carried out in mid-to-late October. If it is too late, it will affect the emergence of seedlings in the next spring.
(3) Sowing method
Plow the ground 30cm before sowing, apply base fertilizer, and make ridges. The base fertilizer should be applied inside the ridge, with a ridge width of 55cm, and a 12-15cm wide opening on the ridge. In a flat ditch, scatter the seeds sparsely into the ditch, trample them firmly, cover them with soil by 3cm, and suppress them. Or make a border, dig trenches at 33cm row spacing, 7-10cm deep, sow one seed every 7-10cm, cover with soil 2-3cm, water and moisturize.
(4) Planting
Seedlings can be planted after 1-2 years of cultivation, before germination in spring and after leaf fall in autumn. Select strong seedlings, dig up the entire plant, and trim the roots slightly. Make holes of 2-3×0.3-1.0m on the well-maintained land. The holes are 30cm deep and 30cm wide. There is one plant in each hole. The soil is cultivated twice. Halfway through the cultivation, the seedlings are harvested and planted, and then the soil is planted firmly. Water.
2. Propagation by divisions
Before germination in spring and after leaf fall in autumn, cut off the new plants from the roots of the old plants and plant them. The method is the same as colonization.
(2) Field management
In the seedling field, shallow hoeing, loosening and weeding should be carried out in time after all the seedlings emerge. This should be done 2-3 times before winter. Pay attention to the emergence of diseased weak seedlings and overcrowded seedlings. When the seedling height is 6-10cm, apply 15kg of ammonium sulfate per acre, and when the seedling height is 30cm, apply 12-15kg of superphosphate per acre.
As can be seen from Table 15-52, the fruit-bearing ability of third- and fourth-year-old mother branches is significantly reduced. This is because the third- and fourth-year-old fruiting mother branches are often located inside the crown and have poor ventilation and light transmission capabilities. affect the results. The jujube tree is a light-loving plant, so it must be properly pruned to improve the light transmittance in the crown, so as to increase the fruit setting rate and yield of the jujube tree. For some wild jujube trees with few branches, the tree shape can be modified by sawing off the main trunk more than 1m, so that multiple side branches can grow to form a crown. Pruning is carried out every spring, and the needles are cut off at the same time to prevent the fruits from being bruised or knocked off when the branches are shaken by the wind.
Jujube has strong flower bud formation ability and many flowers, but the flower and fruit drop is severe, the fruit setting rate is low, and the yield is also low. After testing, circular peeling has a very significant effect on improving the fruit setting rate (Table 15-53). The fruit setting rate is more than doubled.
Table 15-53 Effect of ring peeling of wild jujube on fruit setting rate
Attention should be paid to ring peeling: the optimal period is the flowering period; the appropriate girdling width is 0.5-0.6cm ; Cut a circle on the main trunk 10cm high from the ground, as deep as the xylem, and cut another circle every 0.5-0.6cm, and then peel off the bark between the two circles. The wound began to heal about 20 days after circumcision, and after one month, the wound healing area was more than 70%.
4. Harvesting and Processing
When the fruit is ripe from September to October, pick it and soak it overnight, rub the pulp off, take it out, crush the core and shell, and remove the jujube kernels. Dry. Use raw or fried. Fry jujube kernels, wash and dry the original medicinal materials, put them in a pot and stir-fry them until they swell and become fragrant, then take them out and let them cool (frying for a long time will invalidate them).