Chrysanthemum, a vegetable planted in the south in autumn, has few pests and diseases and a short growth period, so it is generally unnecessary to control pests and diseases.
Radish: Radish has a short growth period and belongs to the type of fast lettuce. The main varieties are cherry radish.
Fennel: It usually takes more than 50 days to sow in the open field.
Rape is a fast-growing leafy vegetable, which has two varieties: Qingbaibang and Baibang. Its growth period is short, from planting to harvest about 40 days.
Beans: beans can be planted in spring, summer and autumn all over the south of China, with a long growth period; Suitable varieties must be selected according to the climatic conditions of each season.
Bitter gourd: It likes high temperature and sunny climate. About 50 ~ 60 days after planting, the fruit is full of tumor-like grains and tendons, and can be harvested when the peel is smooth.
Autumn rape planting method (1) Land cultivation
Rapeseed is a kind of crop with developed root system and lush foliage. It needs deep soil layer, fertile and loose soil conditions and suitable moisture to grow well and obtain high yield. However, rape is not strict with soil quality, and the soil with poor texture can also obtain high yield through good farming and cultivation techniques such as deep ploughing and fertilization. The requirements for soil pH are not strict, and neutral to slightly acidic and slightly alkaline are better. Rape requires good air permeability in the soil, and the most important thing is that the rigid soil plate is airtight. If the soil is hardened, the seeds can't germinate when sowing, the roots are easy to rot when unearthed, the plants are easy to become rigid and aging in the seedling stage, and it is not easy to grow new roots when transplanting, and the seedlings grow slowly or even die.
Rape soil preparation needs intensive cultivation, especially transplanting rape. After receiving the goods, it is necessary to master the appropriate sowing date and prepare the soil in time, so that the soil particles are fine, no big soil, no big air raid, uniform and loose, and the dry and wet conditions are moderate, so as to facilitate the contact between the roots of seedlings and the soil, promote the survival of transplanting and develop new roots at an early stage. Generally, the ploughing of rape fields is only 10-375 px, which should be deepened year by year. Soil preparation for direct seeding rape requires loose topsoil, weak topsoil and smooth topsoil. The soil conditions in paddy fields are relatively poor. Drainage should be done before harvest, and ploughing should be done in time after harvest. Dry kang soil and avoid wet tillage. Rape likes wet. But if it is not tolerant to waterlogging, it must be cultivated because of the soil. For fields with heavy soil, low terrain and difficult drainage, the cultivation method of deep border and narrow compartment should be adopted, with a compartment surface of 2-2.5m and a ditch depth of 875px.
Sowing in time: The suitable sowing date of rape should consider climate, planting system, variety characteristics, pests and diseases, previous crops and so on. Early sowing of winter and semi-winter varieties can make full use of the growth of seasons and vegetative growth periods. It is beneficial to develop the potential of varieties and strive for high yield. The general sowing temperature is 20℃. The direct seeding time of rape in our county is from the end of September to the middle of 10, and the middle of September is suitable for transplanting.
(2) Seedling raising and transplanting
1. Seedling raising and transplanting: The seedbed can be sown early in time, which makes full use of the strong production season and effectively solves the seasonal contradiction between rape and previous crops in the multi-cropping system. At the same time, the seedbed is convenient for fine management, cultivating strong seedlings, and selecting uniform and symmetrical planting of strong seedlings is beneficial to strong seedlings, strong seedlings and high yield.
2. Cultivate strong seedlings: strong seedlings refer to rape seedlings with sufficient seedling age, vigorous function and strong vitality, which is conducive to the formation of high-yield groups. The requirements of strong seedlings are short, compact, stout and short roots, no tall and crooked seedlings, many leaves, large and thick leaves, normal leaf color, developed roots, strong taproots and no pests. Briefly described as: 6-7 green leaves, 20-575px in seedling height and 6-7mm in rhizome thickness.
3. Seedbed preparation: Choose fields with flat land, fertile texture, sunny back and convenient irrigation and drainage as seedbeds, dry land, dry stubble land and semi-sandy and semi-waterlogged land as seedbeds, and leave enough seedbeds, which is conducive to cultivating strong seedlings. Too dense is easy to form high seedlings and weak seedlings, and the ratio to the field is generally 1: 4.5. Rape seeds are small, the seedbed should be flat, thin and solid, that is, the compartment surface should be flat, the soil layer should be subdivided and properly compacted, so as to ensure that the seeds are sown evenly, with the same depth, grow early and come out quickly. For soil preparation and single application of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer is the main ingredient, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are matched. Each mu can be applied with 2000-2500 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 20-30 kg of calcium superphosphate, plant ash 100- 150 kg, and the seedbed is ditched with a width of1.3-/.
4. Seed treatment and sowing: Before sowing, the seeds should be dried in the sun for 65,438+0-2 days, 3-4 hours a day, carefully selected with 8-65,438+00% salt water, and soaked in warm water at 50-54℃ for 65,438+05-20 minutes, which can kill germs and accelerate germination. Generally, the sowing area of Brassica napus is 0.2-0.3 Liang, so the seeds can be sown evenly in grids. Mix appropriate fine soil or plant ash for sowing, and cover lightly after sowing.
(3) Seedbed management
1. Strengthen post-sowing management, so as to achieve early seeding and early seeding. Early topdressing and weeding, frequent watering and drainage, frequent prevention and control of pests and diseases, frequent spacing between seedlings to ensure that seedlings are not crowded. If the leaves don't overlap, real leaves will grow. Seedling spacing is 8-225px, topdressing should be done early, fertilization should be combined with weeding, and top dressing should be done once. Tillage before leaves, less application (dilute manure water or 0.3-0.5 urea water), proper control after 5 leaves, and application once 6-7 days before transplanting? Get fat? Water it in time when it is dry. The main pests at seedling stage are aphids, stem borers and flea beetles, among which aphids are the most harmful and can be controlled with 2.5% triadimefon 300 times solution. In recent years, the application of growth regulation system to cultivate short and strong seedlings has been widely used. Spraying paclobutrazol 100mg/kg on the leaves at the third leaf stage can significantly dwarf rape seedlings, increase the lateral diameter of rhizomes and increase the number of branches, which is beneficial to increase production.
2. Transplanting: Winter and semi-winter varieties should have an effective growth period of 40-50 days before winter, which is conducive to the formation of strong seedlings for overwintering. Generally, the average temperature 13- 15℃ is better for transplanting. According to the different altitude of our county, it is generally appropriate to transplant from the middle part of Zhongshan to the second mountain, and it is appropriate to transplant in the middle and late stage of 10 in the low mountain area. Wet the seedbed with water the day before transplanting, and take more soil when taking the seedlings to avoid damaging the roots. When planting, plant in layers according to the size of seedlings, so that the spacing between rows and between plants is uniform, and the root neck is covered with fine sand, which is convenient for rooting and enterprising seedlings. When transplanting, apply root fertilizer and water the roots after planting.
(4) direct seeding of rape
In areas where there is little contradiction between successive crops or the soil is difficult to ensure the quality of transplanting, and in areas where the temperature is high in late autumn and it is prone to drought, the survival rate of transplanting is low, so direct seeding cultivation can be adopted. In areas with high degree of mechanization, rape roots are directly seeded into the soil layer, which can absorb deep nutrients and water in the soil and resist drought and cold. Strong barren resistance and lodging resistance. At the same time, due to the late sowing, the main infections of virus disease and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum can be missed to some extent, but due to the large amount of direct seeding seeds, careful management at seedling stage is inconvenient, so corresponding measures should be taken.
1. Timely postpone sowing date: Because there is no seedling period before transplanting, sowing is delayed by 10- 15 days, generally around the middle of 10.
2. Increase the planting density: the sowing date is delayed, the growing period is shortened, and the seedling management is not easy to be meticulous. The density should be increased to make up for the deficiency of individual development, so as to obtain high yield. Under the same conditions, the total number of plants of the same variety increased by 30% compared with that of transplanting, with 9000- 1200 holes per mu.
3. Seed pelleting: seeds can be pelleted with appropriate amount of fine soil or plant ash, which can enlarge the diameter by 2-3 times, provide nutrition, prevent plant diseases and insect pests, and effectively promote comprehensive seedling strengthening.
4. Strengthen field management: Direct seeding or on-demand seeding is mostly used for direct seeding, due to the large amount of seeding. After emergence, it is necessary to space seedlings in time, postpone the spacing (4-5 leaves), water them in time, apply fertilizer to replenish seedlings, weed and prevent insects.
(5) No-tillage rape: No-tillage rape, also known as disc rape and stubble rape, is a development direction of light and simple rape cultivation at present, which can save labor and investment, seize the season and crops, and develop and utilize winter fallow fields. Sowing or transplanting rape directly on plowed stubble after receiving the goods in advance is a cultivation preventive measure in areas with late early harvest, especially in some mud fields, wet fields and new autumn and winter paddy fields. Or areas with tense seasons due to labor conflicts, rainy weather, drought and other reasons. The rapid development of rape in Bantian is beneficial to live and grow early and ensure the agricultural time. It saves labor and cost, is suitable for planting in various soil conditions, and is beneficial to soil protection, disaster resistance, early maturity and high yield.
No-tillage rape must pay special attention to the corresponding supporting techniques of early sowing and early planting, make full use of the early temperature and light resources to cultivate strong seedlings, prevent weeds, spray herbicides such as chlorotoluron and herbicides, strengthen the weeding work of intertillage stubble, prevent waterlogging, timely ditch and sit in the box, keep smooth drainage, and use deep ditches and narrow depressions in wet fields with difficult drainage; Apply root fertilizer per mu, urea 15 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 kg, potassium oxide 10 kg, borax 2-3 kg, then add an appropriate amount of organic fertilizer and mix well before applying. In order to prevent premature aging, moss fertilizer was applied in early spring and flower fertilizer was applied to seedlings.
(VI) Plastic film rape, plastic film mulching rape cultivation technology not only has obvious effects on rape growth, such as early warming, safe overwintering, weeding and fertilizer conservation, drought resistance and water saving, early maturity and high yield, but also can effectively solve the problem of planting high-yield and high-quality rape varieties in middle and high mountains, which is a measure to break through the shadow of rape real estate in middle and high mountains and low valleys of our county. The key points of cultivation techniques include: after deep ploughing and intensive cultivation in rape field (field), deep ploughing and fertilization are carried out, and sole fertilizer is applied at one time according to fertilization requirements, and the ridge width depends on the plastic film. The ridge width of plastic film with 1500px is 45- 1250 px and 4250 px, and the ridge width is 140-3750px. The mulch film should be close to the ground and tightly covered to ensure the quality of mulch film and improve the ability of warming, drought resistance, water saving and waterlogging suppression. When transplanting, according to the density requirements of different varieties (usually 7000-9000 plants), the seedlings should be drilled and transplanted straight, the depth should be consistent, the root soil should be tight and dense, and sufficient root water should be poured to facilitate early greening and improve the survival rate.
(7) Planting density
1, the principle of determining planting density: good fertilizer and water conditions and early sowing date. Individuals thrive. If the plant type is loose, the branching position is low, the late-maturing varieties and the temperature are high, and there is much rain, it is necessary to plant thinly. On the contrary, if it is densely planted, it should be sparsely planted in Gaotian plot where Sclerotinia sclerotiorum occurs and densely planted in plot where virus disease is serious, so as to improve field suitability, control aphid reproduction and migration and reduce virus transmission.
2. Suitable planting density: The suitable planting density varies greatly in different regions and under different conditions. The suitable density of Brassica napus in our county is 7000-8000 plants with large plant type and 8000- 12000 plants with small plant type.
3. Planting method: The same planting density can be configured by different planting methods.
(1) Wide and narrow rows: Alternating wide and narrow rows can solve the problem of ventilation and light transmission with high planting density, improve ground temperature and ground temperature, better coordinate the growth of individuals and groups, and be beneficial to topdressing and field management. Generally, the wide line is 1.4 feet, and the narrow line is 1 foot.
(2) Narrow row and narrow plant: the row spacing can be relaxed, the plant spacing can be reduced (such as row spacing 1 foot, plant spacing of 4-5 inches), and the line sealing can be postponed. Reducing shading is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, and is convenient for field management.
(3) Equal row spacing: When the density is low, the planting method of equal row spacing and equal plant spacing is adopted, with more branches and more fruits.
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