Hulunbuir is rich in tourism resources and is one of the six key tourism development zones in the country recognized by the National Tourism Administration. It is one of the twenty scenic spots in the country and a key national grassland tourism development zone. Hulunbuir is a "green pure land" that is most suitable for human survival and a "natural villa" gifted to the world by nature. Most of the forests, grasslands, lakes and other natural ecological environments here still maintain their original appearance. There are four distinct seasons here with different scenery. In the spring, the grass is luxuriant and a piece of fresh green; in the summer, the trees are lush and the wild flowers embroider the ground; in the autumn, the fruits are abundant and the mountains are dyed; in the winter, the snow is covered with snow, giving it a northern scenery; it is known as the most beautiful garden in the world.
Hulunbuir City has 80,000 square kilometers of natural grassland and 120,000 square kilometers of natural woodland. Hulunbuir is located in an ecological barrier zone with more than 3,000 rivers, more than 500 lakes, more than 3,000 kinds of plants, and more than 400 kinds of plants. wild animals. Daxinganling range runs through it from north to south, becoming the natural north-south boundary. The world-famous Hulunbuir Prairie is vast and has the reputation of "green pure land" and "Northern Jasper". Hulunbuir prairie, large forests, large waters, large ice and snow, large ports, large folk customs, large air conditioners, and large oxygen bars all together form the Hulunbuir Grand Tourism.
In spring, the rhododendrons are in full bloom on the Xing'an Mountains in May. The white snow that has not yet melted reflects the fiery red azaleas. It is a rare sacred scene on earth. In summer, Hulunbuir has a pleasant climate, with an average temperature of 16 Between ℃ and 21℃, it is the best place to escape the summer heat. The intoxicating green attracts you. Standing on the grassland and watching the clouds rolling in the blue sky, your mind will be as broad as the grassland. The Oroqen Bonfire Festival, Grassland Naadam, Ewenki Serbin Festival, Aobao Sacrifice and other ethnic festivals are colorful. The most eye-catching thing in autumn is the autumn colors of the forest. You can listen to the waves of pine trees in the forest, admire the graceful white birches, and go to Sifang Mountain and Darbinluo to watch the sunrise and sunset. The beauty of nature is unforgettable; approaching Hulunbuir in winter , a world of ice sculptures and jade, the holy gathering of the Ice and Snow Festival, allows you to fully appreciate the heroic spirit of green pines and snow, swimming in the forest and snow fields, and the snow charm composed of ice peaks, snow ridges and ice sculptures.
At present, there are 30 star-rated hotels and restaurants in the city, 27 international and domestic travel agencies, and more than 50 tourist attractions (spots). There are 6 round-trip flights to Beijing and 5 flights to Beijing every week. There are more flights to and from Hohhot every day during the peak tourist season. Trains run directly to Beijing, Harbin, Shenyang, Qiqihar, Baotou, and Dalian every day. Tourist buses can run directly to various scenic spots (spots) in the city, including Manzhouli City to Zabaikal, Russia. The new international highway port has been opened.
Key scenic spots (spots): Xishan National Forest Park, Beishan Japanese Invasion Fortress Site, Golden Horde Mongolian Tribe, Ewenki Museum, Bayan Hushuo Tourist Area, Xiqi Educated Youth Cultural Exhibition, Barhu Museum , Dongqi Ganzhuer Temple, Nomenhan War Site, Ergun Russian Family Tourists, Mordaoga National Forest Park, Aoluguya Hunter Spot, Gaxian Cave, Daur Customs Garden, Korean Family, Suspension Bridge Park , Yakeshi Phoenix Villa and Phoenix Mountain Ski Resort, Manzhouli National Gate, Sino-Russian Mutual Trade Zone, Hulun Lake Estuary, Ice and Snow Park, Aershan Snow Hot Spring
Other major tourist attractions: Hulun Buir Grand Grassland Manzhouli Sino-Russian Mutual Market Trade Zone Manzhouli Country Gate Hulun Lake Hongjira Mongolian Camp Phoenix Villa Yimin River Golden Horde Mongolian Tribe Shiwei Mongolian Birthplace Ergun River Hulunbuir Grassland Gaxiandong Baiyinhushuo Grassland Morgrad River Bayanhushuo Grassland Buryat Mongolian Mordauga Forest Park Zhalantun Suspension Bridge Park Heishantou Ancient City Aoluguya Reindeer Hometown Vina River Sanatorium Ulan Paohui Estuary Lingquan Beauty Lake Bear Valley One Eye Jiuling Zhang Zisong Forest Dayan Wuquan Mountain Aoluguya Ewenki Canglang Bailu Island Resort Dahan Ping Jiuqu Songfeng Lama Mountain Longyan Scenic Spot Ur Banner Han Primitive Forest Xishan Nature Reserve Yansong Youjing Beier Lake Xishan Ecological Wetland World Famous Horses ( Industry) Bianka Fortress Relics Heishantou Sino-Russian Boundary River Batu Bay China Daur National Park Oroqen Museum Luming Villa Chaihe Scenic Area Busuri Military Fortress Zhalantun Xiushui Villa Zhalantun Chaihe Moon Lake Zhalantun Jiulong Spring Bear Xiazidong, Bahrain Lama Mountain, Zhalantun, Golden Great Wall Moat
Best Travel Time
The northern part of Hulunbuir League is a forest area, and the best travel season is from May 5th to 20th In mid-to-late September, in May, the trees are green and the mountains and fields are full of azaleas; in September, the autumn colors are dyed all over the Daxinganling Mountains, which is a good time for photography. The south is dominated by grasslands, and the best travel season is July to September. November to mid-February is the best time for ice and snow travel.
Every year from March 15th to June 15th is the fire prevention period. During this period, you must apply for a fire prevention certificate in most areas of the Hulunbuir League. This period is also the middle of the year in most areas of the Hulunbuir League. During the most bleak period, you can only visit the Daxinganling forest area in early May when the azaleas bloom all over the mountains and fields.
Shopping
Hulunbuir’s ethnic handicrafts are famous for their ruggedness and wide range of uses.
Silver artworks produced by Hulunbuir Inner Mongolia Foreign Trade Crafts Factory, Muyang brand Mongolian robes produced by Hailar Ethnic (Wool) Clothing Factory, Mongolian knives and knives produced by Hailar Ethnic Articles Factory - mainly Mongolian Daohewangye waist knife, Hailar Longyi Carving Factory developed wood carving murals, wood carving wall hangings, root carvings, tumor carvings, wood sticker carvings, panel paintings, mosaics, inlaid calligraphy, bark paintings and other series of artworks, with natural style, simple and elegant style . Shopping in Hailar District is very convenient. There are many professional markets in the city. A large-scale department store that mainly sells mid- to high-end department stores. F浞Value暧槟柟诟τ诳
Native products: Black fungus, fried rice, Fei Ruita, licorice
Special activities
In addition to Naadam and Aobao sacrifices that are common throughout Inner Mongolia, the unique festivals of the Hulunbuir League include:
Yimu'e Festival
"Yimu'e", Mongolian " The meaning of "harvest", as the name suggests, is the Harvest Festival, which falls on May 22 every year. At this time, the sheep, cattle, horses and camels on the grassland had just finished picking up the spring lambs, and it was a vibrant scene of harvest. The herdsmen used knives to slit the left ears of the ewe lambs and put them back into the herd. The rams that were not reserved for breeding were castrated into Jie sheep. Foals that are over 2 years old must also be branded.
Mikuolu Festival
Mikuolu Festival is a harvest festival for the Ewenki herdsmen in the Mozhigrad River Basin of the Hulunbuir Grassland. Held in late May every year, its content and form are roughly the same as the "Imu'e Festival". The only difference is that a banquet is held after labor to celebrate the harvest.
Sebin Festival
"Sebin" is an Ewenki language, meaning "joyful and peaceful". It is a traditional festival of the Ewenki people, characterized by totems. In the 16th century, the Ewenki people believed in shamanism Then gradually disappeared. On June 18, 1994, the first "Serbin" Festival after the founding of the People's Republic of China was held in Bayan Hushuo Aobao Mountain. The main content included Ewenki national song and dance performances. Since then, June 18 has become the "Serbin" festival of the Ewenki people.
Bonfire Festival
June 18th every year is the traditional festival of the Oroqen people - Bonfire Festival. The Oroqen people have worshiped the God of Fire for a long time. They believe that fire can exorcise evil spirits and remove pollution. They have a series of strict taboos about fire. For example, they are not allowed to pour water on the fire, throw dirt, spit, use knives, or Sticks and other sharp objects were thrust into the fire randomly to avoid angering and hurting the Vulcan and so on.
Most of the Han people in Hulunbuir come from Shanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. In Lingdong, villages with the same place of origin are formed in rural areas, such as Shandong Tun, Zhuanghe Tun, Zhibei Village, etc. The living customs of these places include language, catering, living pattern, interpersonal interactions, weddings and funerals, annual events, etc. , basically maintaining the customs and habits of their original place. Lingxi is different. It has a vast territory, sparsely populated areas, severe cold climate, close contact with ethnic minorities and Russian overseas Chinese, and frequent exchanges. The customs and advantages of the fraternal ethnic groups have been absorbed by the Han people one by one, so life and customs have changed greatly.
1. Food, clothing, housing and transportation
(1) Food
Most people still retain the habits of their origin. The staple foods include porridge, noodles, steamed buns, etc. However, in Lingxi, it is common to drink milk tea and eat beef and mutton. These are the same as the local Mongolian, Daur, Ewenki and Russian compatriots. The difference is that Han people eat more vegetables. Since the 1980s, rice has become the staple food regardless of whether it is east or west.
(2) Clothing
Before 1945 and the early 1950s, the Han people's clothing was mainly made of cotton and cotton, and the colors were mostly black, blue, gray and white. In summer, they wear single clothes and trousers, in winter, they wear cotton clothes and trousers, and cotton Mongolian robes. They wear white stubble sheepskin jackets and felt knots for grazing in the wild or for production. After that, life gradually became affluent, especially after 1978, and the clothes they wore depended on the climate change. Most people had single, medium, thin and thick clothes. Young women like to wear all kinds of colorful clothes, all kinds of long and short skirts, dresses, bright gauze scarves, and all kinds of new woolen scarves in winter. New styles of clothing such as men's and women's suits, long and short leather jackets, jackets, denim suits, down jackets, etc. are common. Clothing materials are no longer mainly "cotton", but are made of plush, woolen, fur, fiber, wool, blended and other high-quality clothing materials. Men wear top hats, progressive hats, and knitted plush hats, while women wear more new hats. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the high-end and style of hats. Women wear gold earrings, gold necklaces, gold rings, bracelets and other jewelry, and it is not uncommon for men to wear gold rings.
(3) Housing
In the early years, they lived in shacks, adobe houses, or houses with civil structures. After 1949, living conditions improved year by year, and houses with civil structures and brick and tile structures were generally used. After the mid-1980s, the number of civil structure houses decreased, and most of them were brick and tile structures, and some lived in buildings. Farmers in the suburbs mostly lived in red brick houses (some with iron roofs). Residents in various townships, towns and Sumu households in Lingxi are all settled and live in houses made of mud boards and reed boards, and a few live in brick houses. The doors of the houses all open to the north, and there is a 20-30 square meter windproof room adjacent to the door, which is called "wind tower" or "door bucket". The door frame prevents wind and cold in winter, and is also used as a kitchen in summer. Most of the agricultural areas burn firewood, straw, and firewood, and a small amount of coal is burned; the fuel in pastoral areas is mainly cattle and sheep dung, with a small amount of coal. Generally, wicker fences or birch poles are used to encircle the courtyard, which is a separate courtyard. They graze or produce in the wild and live in yurts or tin houses.
(4) Transportation
Before 1945 and the early 1950s, the Han people, like other fraternal ethnic groups, relied on horses and animal-drawn carts as their main means of transportation. In the 1960s and 1970s, most families purchased bicycles and relied on trains or buses to travel long distances. After 1978, many families purchased motorcycles, small tractors and cars, which were both production machinery and means of transportation for both production and daily life.
2. Economic life
In Lingdong, the early "Crossing Guandong" and later self-immigrants basically cultivated wasteland. Until the 1970s, its production methods were mainly based on heavy manual operations.
Beginning in the late 1970s and early 1980s, due to the implementation of the household contract responsibility system, production relations were adjusted, farmers' enthusiasm for production increased, and agricultural production had bumper harvests year after year. Farmers' lives were significantly improved, and farmers began to purchase a large number of small (a small number of large and medium-sized) tractors and machines. The introduction of agricultural machinery has enabled the mechanization of some agricultural production projects. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Han people were the main workers in agriculture, forestry, industry, transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce, coal mining and various social service industries, as well as government agencies and institutions. Household sideline production is the same as in Lingdong and Lingxi, including farming gardens, growing fruits and vegetables, and raising dairy cows, pigs, chickens, geese, ducks, etc. Before the 1980s, they were mainly for personal use. After the 1980s, a considerable part of them were sold in towns or markets to improve their own lives.
3. Weddings and Funerals
(1) Weddings
Wedding customs have changed greatly after 1949, mainly by the orders of parents and matchmakers. The old-style arranged marriages in ancient times have been reformed into free love marriages and legal marriages; the wedding etiquette that used to be very different between the poor and the rich has been changed to similar etiquette and customs that only differ between urban and rural areas. Generally, it goes through three stages: acquaintance, love, and marriage. There are two types of acquaintance, feelings arising from working together, naturally reaching the stage of falling in love, and acquaintance and falling in love after being introduced by a third party. There are long and short stages of love, and you can get married when you think you are in love. In rural areas, the form of "engagement" is generally retained, that is, the official formation of a love relationship is announced. The etiquette is mainly a banquet between the parents of both men and women. Once a man and a woman register with the government-designated department, the marriage is legal. When getting married, the custom of a girl visiting her husband's family is still mostly followed. When a man visits his wife's family, it is called "recruiting a son-in-law to provide for the elderly." The wedding day is usually organized by the man, who entertains guests, accepts gifts, and has a complicated etiquette. Wedding vehicles used to be mostly animal-drawn vehicles in the past. Since the 1980s, cars have been used in towns and tractors in rural areas. Cars and motorcycles are also used. The third day after the wedding is the bride's "returning day". The groom will accompany the bride home, and the bride's parents will entertain the new son-in-law and guests. In recent years, some Western customs have been added to town weddings. There are also innovators who abandon the old habit of extravagant weddings and adopt group weddings or travel weddings.
(2) Funeral
When a person dies, there are funerals on the same day, and there are funerals for 3 to 5 days. During the funeral period, relatives and friends pay their condolences and accept offerings, such as wreaths, curtains, cash, etc. The deceased's juniors wear mourning clothes (mostly white cloth belts or headscarves nowadays) and burn mourning paper. The Han people have always practiced burial, and after the 1970s, cremation was gradually implemented in cities and towns. When a deceased person is buried in an urban area, a farewell ceremony or memorial service is usually held with the participation of relatives and friends to introduce the life of the deceased. In recent years, rural areas have also imitated urban funeral ceremonies. For burials, following the old custom, wooden coffins are used, and there are a set of mortuary, coffin, wake, condolences, and memorial ceremonies. The burial site used to be a self-selected cemetery, but is now a place designated by the local township, town, and Sumu governments.
4. Festivals and annual events
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in addition to statutory holidays such as New Year's Day, Spring Festival, "May Day" International Labor Day, and "October 10" "In addition to the National Day, Han people generally celebrate the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. The way is similar to that in Northeast China and other parts of the country.
After the 1980s, no matter in cities or towns, rural areas, pastoral areas, or forest areas, there are generally three more events in a year, and the impact is so profound, the activities are so wide, and the level of consciousness is so high that it was not possible in the past. Comparable. One is "Qingming Festival". On this day, every family, or even all members of a family, go to the grave of the deceased to "sweep the grave". If the ashes are in the crematorium, family members and children also go to "sweep the grave." The whole day is crowded with large and small vehicles, and it is a non-holiday holiday. The second is the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, commonly known as the "Ghost Festival". Every household also has to go to graves and crematoriums to fill graves and sweep tombs. Those who are close to rivers set off river lanterns at night and burn ghost paper and ghost notes at crossroads. , commemorating the deceased. The third is on the first day of October in the lunar calendar, people "send cotton-padded clothes" to the deceased. At night, they burn a lot of ghost products at the crossroads, such as clothes, banknotes, horses and cattle, as well as TV sets, radios, tape recorders, watches and other modern ghost products. The name is used to express one's grief for the deceased.
5. Family
Han families in Hulunbuir have long been structured as husband and wife, with the elders usually acting as heads and taking charge of all housework.
During the Republic of China, Han families in Hulunbuir basically followed the large family form of the Qing Dynasty. Most of them were a combination of several older brothers and their dependents and younger brothers and their dependents living in the same household, or more than a dozen There are even large families of dozens of people, and they are proud of the large number of people.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the number of multi-generational extended families has gradually decreased, the family structure has tended to become smaller, and it is no longer common for three or four generations of children and grandchildren to live under one roof. Since 1980, new changes have taken place in the family structure. Family members gradually become dominated by two generations, with fewer members. The main reason is that after children get married, they usually establish separate families, and multi-generational extended families disintegrate. There are also many changes in the names of parents. In the past, Han people who came to Hulunbuir from various places mostly called their parents "Dad" and "Mother". Some people called their father "Dada", which was later replaced by "Dad" and "Mom". Especially in Lingxi, they are all called so.
6. Folk Art
In the towns, agricultural areas and forest areas of Hulunbuir, where Han people are relatively concentrated, mass cultural and entertainment activities are usually held during the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival and leisure seasons in rural areas. More active. The main forms include Yangko, duet, solo performances, ice sculptures, ice lanterns, lantern exhibitions, etc. In recent years, fireworks shows have also emerged in the city.
Yangko
The forms of Yangko performances include dragon lantern dancing, waist drums, stilts, donkey racing, land boat rowing, carrying flower baskets, big-headed dolls, lion dancing, costumes of opera characters, etc. Some Yangko performances are interspersed with live drama performances. The performers wear heavy makeup, exaggerated images, and colorful costumes. Both men and women wear satin clothes and trousers with colorful silk waistbands. Most of the gong and drum team are men, wearing colorful silk clothes and wearing white sheep's belly handkerchiefs. Some Yangko performances include martial arts, costume performances and aerobics performances. Yangko has become an important part of the Spring Festival cultural activities for people in towns, rural areas and forest areas.
Ice sculptures and lanterns
Since the 1980s, carvings using natural ice from rivers have begun to appear in towns and forest areas in Hulunbuir every year between New Year's Day, Spring Festival and Lantern Festival. Plastic art exhibition. Every winter, ice sculptures of various shapes come out one after another, including people, animals, buildings, landscapes and other lifelike works. In several cities in Hulunbuir, ice sculpture competitions of varying sizes are held every winter.
Folk opera "Errenzhuan"
"Errenzhuan" is also called "Bengbeng Opera". It consists of a man and a woman singing and dancing at the same time. Later, it developed into a "single show", that is, Performed by one person alone, it is a traditional folk art performance form of the Han people. In 1924 and 1925, the "Erren Zhuan" flowed into Zhalantun and Arong Banner areas. The main forms of performance include "single appearance", "drawing show" and "two-person performance". The main repertoire includes "Er Ren Zhuan", "West Chamber", "Returning to the Cup", "Zhu Bajie Goes to the Ground", "Single Show", "Second Sister Wang Misses Her Husband", "Red Yue'e Dreams", etc. This kind of performance has fewer people, simple props, easy walking, simple and easy-to-understand lyrics, many folk spoken words, high-pitched, loud singing, and lively form, and is deeply loved by the majority of farmers.
Folk Dance of Chinese and Russian Descendants
Traditional Russian folk dances are maintained among the Chinese and Russian descendants of Hulunbuir Ergun City, Genhe City and Hailar. There are single, double and group performances of "Shibriha", "Badahan Lana", "Gabachok", "Mieshisi", "Ojinochika", "Tsiganneka" (transliteration) )wait. The dance music includes "Shibriha", "Nalinchenka", "Lesai", "Gabachok", "Mieshesi", etc. The dance steps are changeable, there is a lot of foot stamping, and the solo dance has high leg skills . Each dance is accompanied by a fixed dance music, usually only accompanied by an accordion, and some group dances also include accompaniment.
Every holiday or leisure time, men, women, old and young gather together to sing and dance, with high emotions and a warm atmosphere.
7. Absorbing foreign languages
Since the Han people in Hulunbuir have lived on the same street with their ethnic minority compatriots and foreigners for a long time, they not only learn from each other's strengths in production and life, but also learn from each other in terms of language. Penetration and fusion, with many borrowed words. For example:
"Ximidan", Russian, "Urumo", Mongolian, is the condensation on milk, which is called "Naipizi" in Chinese. It has no smell, is sweet and delicious, and everyone likes it. Food. In autumn and winter, every household saves some for later use. The Han people also call this product "Ximidan" or "Urumo".
"Galaha (hà)", also known as "Gashiha" in Manchu, is the kneecap of the hind legs of pigs, sheep, roe deer, yellow sheep, etc., commonly known as "back bone". The scientific name is "Patella". It is a plaything for children and women of all ethnic groups in Hulunbuir. People call it "Gala (Shi) Ha", such as playing "Gala Ha", placing "Gala Ha", and catching "Gala Ha". Ha" etc.
"Walizi" means police in Russian, and now generally refers to prisons. If criminals are arrested or sentenced, they are said to be "squatting in Walizi".
"Mangger", Mongolian, is a kind of wild vegetable. It looks and tastes like leeks, but its leaves are wider and thicker than leeks and lighter in color. It has no Chinese name.
"Dah (hà)", in Mongolian, means a wide cloak. It is made of sheepskin and is now commonly known as "hà".
It is worth mentioning that from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, Han cadres were encouraged to learn Mongolian and ethnic minority cadres learn Chinese. Therefore, many Han cadres would speak more fluently after going to pastoral areas. Mongolian, some Chinese are also mixed with a small amount of Mongolian, and then gradually decreased.