Zanthoxylum bungeanum is one of the excellent woody grain and oil tree species with high economic value, strong adaptability, drought resistance and barren resistance. It grows well in neutral and acidic soil, especially in calcareous limestone soil. However, the seed shell of Zanthoxylum bungeanum is hard, and there is thick waxy oil outside, so it is difficult to absorb water, so it is difficult to germinate, which often leads to uneven or non-emergence of seedlings, which has become an obstacle factor to limit the planting scale of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. This paper summarizes the technical points of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seedling cultivation as follows:
First, collect seeds.
Zanthoxylum bungeanum with vigorous growth, no pests and diseases, strong age (10- 15 years old) and excellent varieties was selected as the seed-collecting mother tree. When the outer skin of the fruit is purplish red and the inner seed coat turns blue, it is mature (early August). After picking, spread it thinly on the table and dry it in the shade in a cool and dry room or shed. When the peel is cracked and the seeds are separated from the peel, impurities are removed and the net seeds are taken out. The selected seeds should not be exposed to the sun. Most of the volatile oil contained in seeds will be lost due to sun exposure, which will make the seeds lose their germination ability.
Second, sub-processing.
1. Grey seed dressing: immediately put the cleaned seeds into a container filled with clear water, remove the empty seeds, then take out the seeds, add plant ash, which is one third of the weight of the seeds, and stir. Plant ash should be fine and free of impurities, so that a thick layer of plant ash can be coated on the surface of seeds, and then stored in a cool and ventilated place indoors, and then scattered into piles or bags.
2. Sand storage: Mix clean seeds with 2-3 times of wet sand evenly, and the humidity of the sand should be held by hand, but no water can come out. Choose a well-drained place, and dig a pit or ditch in the leeward, with a depth of 60-80 cm and a width depending on the number of seeds. First, spread wet sand with the thickness of 10cm on the pit bottom, and then put the seeds mixed with sand in into the pit, 65438 away from the ground. If there are many seeds, you can plant a stalk in the center of the pit or ditch to facilitate ventilation. Generally, from late March to early April, when the tip is exposed by one third, the seeds can be planted.
Third, land preparation and border preparation.
It is best to choose sandy soil plots with irrigation conditions for nursery. It is convenient to manage seedlings in this land. The roots of seedlings are developed and the aboveground parts are fully developed. Pay attention to child care in different places. The stubble interval is 2-3 years. Nursery should be cultivated first, with a depth of 30-40 cm. Combined with deep tillage, apply 6000-8000 kg of soil fertilizer or decomposed ring fertilizer per mu, and then level the ridge. 3-4 rows per border, there are no big clods and weeds in the range of surface 10CM, and soil preparation should be done well to create a good soil environment for seed germination.
Second, sow.
Before sowing, we should fully irrigate to keep the soil moisture suitable, and the sowing period can be divided into three periods.
1, sowing belt harvesting: early-maturing varieties (commonly known as Fujiao) can be harvested in late August, and sowing belt harvesting is often used. Seeds mixed with plant ash can germinate about 15-20 days after sowing. In that year, the height of seedlings can reach about 3CM, and the lignification of aboveground parts is poor, which makes it difficult to overwinter, so it is necessary to carry out cold protection. The method of deep sowing and shallow burying can be adopted, that is, the sowing ditch should be deep and the soil should be thin, which is not only beneficial to drought prevention and business protection, but also convenient for cold prevention and overwintering. In winter, plastic film should be used to cover or bury soil, horse manure and straw for cold protection. Pepper seedlings covered with plastic film break the film when they germinate, and the plastic film should be sealed with wet soil at any time.
2. Sowing in late autumn: 65438+1October in late June to1early October165438+1October, sowing is too early, the ground temperature is high, and seed germination is vulnerable to freezing injury; Sowing is too late, the land is frozen, and sowing is difficult to operate.
3. Spring sowing: Generally, it is carried out from early March to early April after soil thawing. When the ground temperature reaches 8- 10CM below the surface, it is most suitable. Sowing can be done by covering with plastic film in early March, which has the characteristics of early and neat emergence, long growth period and being able to leave the nursery in the same year. This method is limited to using seeds hidden in layered sand.
Third, the sowing method
Spring in the north is generally dry, so it should be fully irrigated before sowing. When sowing, first ditch the seeds in a ditch with a depth of 2-3 cm, then spread the seeds evenly in the ditch, then cover the soil and rake them flat, and gently suppress them. The border is covered with plastic film, and the periphery of the plastic film is tightly sealed with soil to keep moisture and raise ground temperature. The seedlings can emerge in about 15 days. When the seedlings grow two bud leaves, the temperature will gradually get warmer. It is necessary to break the film and release the seedlings in time to prevent the seedlings from being bent or burned in the plastic film. Pay attention to sealing the film with wet soil when releasing seedlings. Before releasing the seedlings, it is necessary to break the film and harden the seedlings to adapt to the growth of the seedlings under external conditions after releasing the seedlings. The sowing ditch in autumn is 3-4 cm deep. Sowing should be based on the quality of seeds, and the bleached seeds should be driven by 10- 12 kg per mu.
Fourthly, seedling management.
After sowing, the treated seeds generally emerge one after another within 20 days. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, management must be strengthened.
1, sunscreen. When the seedlings just come out, in case of high temperature and insolation weather, the bud tip is easy to burn or the seedlings are bent, the plastic film laid on the ground should be replaced with a small arch shed in time, and the temperature change in the shed should be observed frequently to keep the temperature below 30C and the humidity above 80%. When most of the seedlings are unearthed, they should be ventilated and tempered, and the plastic film should be gradually removed.
2. transplant seedlings. When the seedlings grow to 5- 10 cm, they should be thinned and fixed. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, the plant spacing should be kept at about 5CM, and 20,000-30,000 plants should be planted per mu. After thinning, the seedlings can be moved to the place where the seedlings are missing, or moved to other seedbeds for cultivation. The transplanting time is better when the seedlings have 3-5 true leaves. Irrigation should be carried out 2-3 days before transplanting to help dig seedlings and protect roots. Transplanting in cloudy or evening can improve the survival rate. The seedlings were harvested and sown, and the spacing between seedlings was kept at about 5CM after germination in the next spring.
3, intertillage weeding: intertillage can loosen the soil, reduce evaporation, remove weeds, prevent soil hardening, and is conducive to seedling growth. During the seedling growth period, intertillage should be carried out for 3-4 times to keep the soil loose and free of weeds.
4. Fertilization and irrigation: After the seedlings are unearthed, they begin to grow rapidly in the middle and late May, and enter the peak period in the middle and late June, which is also the period when fertilizer and water are most needed. Combined with irrigation, topdressing should be 1-2 times, and nitrogen fertilizer can be used to promote seedling growth. The amount of topdressing is 20-25 kg of ammonium sulfate, urea or compound fertilizer per mu, and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer should not be too late, otherwise the seedlings can't survive the winter.
Before the seedlings are unearthed, it is not appropriate to flood irrigation, otherwise the soil will be easy to harden, the seedlings will be difficult to be unearthed, and the seedling unearthed rate will be low. If the soil is too dry, you can spray water, and there is too much rain. Pay attention to timely drainage to prevent waterlogging and water accumulation.
5. Pest control: The above-ground diseases of Zanthoxylum bungeanum are mainly leaf embroidery disease, and the pests include aphids and butterflies. The control of leaf embroidery can be sprayed with carbendazim 800- 1000 times and omethoate 800- 1000 times. For underground pests, furrows 3-5 cm deep can be opened between rows, and 800-65438 times dimethoate can be sprayed.