Beijing opera

Peking Opera is the most popular and influential drama in China. It is formed by the convergence, integration and development of various local operas in Beijing. It has a history of about 140 years since it came into being.

Since Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera, Yiyang Opera and Qin Opera have successively entered Beijing. 1790, Gao Langting, a famous Anhui artist, led the famous Anhui opera Sanqingban to perform in Beijing, which was warmly welcomed by the audience. After that, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun three Huizhou classes entered Beijing, and together with Sanqing class, they were called "Huizhou Four Classes", which was a great success. At this time, Kunqu Opera, Peking Opera (named after Yiyang Opera entered Beijing) and Shaanxi Opera gradually became cold. About 1830, Hubei Chu Opera (Han Opera) also entered Beijing. Han opera and Hui opera have the same origin, so they are often performed in the same class and combined with each other in tone cavity. Later, Huiban absorbed and integrated the essence of Kunqu Opera, Bangzi and Peking Opera, and made some reforms in repertoire, music, characters, costumes and makeup. Combining the local language and customs in Beijing, Peking Opera has gradually formed. At that time, it was called "Pihuang" and "Beijing dialect".

1850 or so, Peking Opera has made new development on the basis of Class Four of Huizhou School, and famous actors such as Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng and Zhang Erkui have appeared, who are called "old students of Sanding Family". They have made outstanding contributions to the formation and development of Beijing Opera.

Compared with other operas, the art of Peking Opera highlights the characteristics of concentration, generalization and exaggeration of operas, forms a complete system and a unified style of singing, doing, reading and acting, and is full of distinctive dance and strong sense of rhythm in stage performances.

Over the past 100 years, many famous Peking Opera artists, especially many outstanding performing artists, have formed different schools, which have made great contributions to the development of Peking Opera art and become valuable assets of Peking Opera art.

After liberation, Peking Opera has made great achievements. A large number of excellent traditional plays and new historical plays have been adapted, adapted and created, and many modern plays have been successfully staged, which has opened the way for the development of Beijing opera. The Peking Opera delegation has also visited and performed abroad for many times, causing a sensation in the world art world.

Kunqu opera

Kunqu Opera is an ancient drama in China, which was formed in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Wei Liangfu, an outstanding opera musician in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, made a great reform on Kunshan Opera. He absorbed all kinds of vocals of Nanqu, melodic singing methods of Jin, Yuan and Northern Song Dynasties, and folk ditties of Jiangnan, and created a gentle and euphemistic "water mill tune". Liang Chenyu, a playwright who chose his surname at the same time, wrote a play "Huansha Ji" specially for Kunshan dialect, which caused a sensation in the south of the Yangtze River and quickly swept the country. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera was once prosperous, more refined and perfect in art, and became a kind of drama with national influence. During the Qianlong period, the art of Kunqu Opera was plundered by the ruling class, and its content tended to court, so that it was divorced from the people and gradually declined. On the eve of liberation, it was on the verge of extinction. After liberation, some people wrote and sang Kunqu opera. Singing and other aspects of reform, and strive to be easy to understand. From 6: 438 to 9: 56, Zhejiang Troupe successfully performed "Fifteen Levels" in Beijing, which caused a sensation throughout the country. 1957 According to the instructions of Premier Zhou, the Northern Kunqu Opera Theatre was established. Kunqu Opera, an ancient drama, is full of artistic youth.

Kunqu opera has a history of more than 500 years, forming a complete performance system and a unique vocal cavity system. Its repertoire is rich, its script dictionary is elegant and gorgeous, and it is very literary. Pay attention to four tones in pronunciation and articulation, strictly abide by rules and regulations, and be rigid. The tune of Kunqu Opera is Qupai style, and each play consists of a complete set of Qupai. The song is mellow and melodious. Exquisite performance, close combination of body movements and singing, and strong sense of dance. The accompaniment instruments are mainly flutes, and sometimes sanxian, sheng and suona are also used.

In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Kunqu spread to the north, and through the efforts of many artists, Kunqu was combined with the language of the northern region to form "Northern Kunming"; Kunqu opera was first popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and was called "Nankun". ; Bikun performed more martial arts, showing the unrestrained wind shed; Nankun, on the other hand, pays attention to pronunciation, exquisite workmanship, more graceful and restrained, and lingering. Kunqu Opera plays an important role in the history of China opera, which has a direct impact on the formation and development of Beijing Opera and local operas such as xiang opera and Sichuan Opera.

Ju Ping

Pingju is one of the most influential local operas in China, which was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China and has a history of about 70 years. It originated from "Lotus Fall" in eastern Hebei, and later absorbed the "Tiao" tune in the northeast, so it was called "Tiao" and "Tiao" in its early years. At first, it was a counterpart singing method, similar to the "two-person turn" in Northeast China. Later, it gradually absorbed the percussion music of Hebei Bangzi, the singing and performance of Luanzhou Cinema, Laoting Drum and Peking Opera, and formed "Tangshan", which became "Fengtian" and finally became the current Pingju. Cheng is a famous actor and playwright in early Pingju. He wrote many new operas and adapted more than 100 plays, which played an important role in the formation of Pingju.

The artistic characteristics of Pingju are: good at singing, clear articulation, easy-to-understand lyrics, plain singing, and strong life flavor and cordial folk flavor. Its form is lively and free, and it is best at expressing the life of contemporary people, so it has a large audience in both cities and villages. The aria of Pingju Opera is a banqiang, which consists of adagio, Erliu board, crib board and scattered board. After liberation, remarkable achievements have been made in the innovation of Pingju music, singing and performance, especially in changing the shortcomings of poor male voices, and male voices have made new creations.

Pingju was originally divided into East Road and West Road. Nowadays, East Road is popular in Hebei and Northeast provinces, and it also has a large audience in the south. West Road Pingju, also known as "Beijing Jump", was formed under the influence of East Road Pingju Bangzi and the old tune. High timbre, rich head shape and unique style. Xin performed in Beijing and Jingxi before and after the Revolution, which was well received by the audience and was on the verge of being lost in the future. 1958 reappeared on the stage only after it was excavated and sorted by China Theatre. Preface to the Flower Pavilion is a good play that has been sorted out and passed down by young actors.

Hebei opera

Hebei Bangzi, formerly known as "Zhili Bangzi", was renamed Hebei Province after Zhili Province. It originated from the Bangzi system of Shaanxi Qin Opera. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, it gradually evolved from Shaanxi Zhou Pu Bangzi, which flowed into Hebei. In the late Qing Dynasty, it was very popular in Beijing. Later, Bangzi and Pihuang performed on the same stage, and exchanged ideas and absorbed each other, which made Bangzi more and more complete in art. Beijing Zhili Bangzi absorbed the essence of Pihuang, also known as "Beijing Bangzi". After the Revolution of 1911, many excellent Bangzi actresses emerged constantly, which brought a new look to Bangzi opera and changed the singing of Bangzi greatly.

When Hebei Bangzi was popular, it was most popular in North China and Northeast China, especially in north-central Hebei and Beijing-Tianjin. Hebei Bangzi's vocals are high-pitched, vigorous and straight, including adagio, Erliu, running water, sharp board, crying board, anti-tune, and nearly 100 tunes used for stage accompaniment.

During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, Hebei Bangzi was widely developed in rural areas around Hebei. However, in big cities such as Beijing and Tianjin ruled by the Kuomintang, it is declining. After liberation, Hebei Bangzi was restored and developed, and the excessively noisy gongs and drums and Bangzi were innovated, creating a new aria, making it both soft and pleasant in generosity and grandeur.

A trite theme

The old tune, also known as the "old tune bangzi", is one of the local operas in Hebei Province. It came into being in the late Ming Dynasty. It has been circulated among the people for a long time and has a strong local flavor. The aria is simple, vigorous and vigorous, and there are many kinds of boards, including the head board, the second board, the installation board, the lifting board, the plucking board, the sending board, the retaining board and the crying board. The main accompaniment instruments are banhu, flute, sheng, erhu and sanxian. The epidemic area is centered in Baoding, Hebei Province, and is divided into East Road (Levin and Anxin), West Road (western Baoding) and South Road (Shijiazhuang). There is not much difference between different vocals, but the tune is different. The performance of the old tune is complete in form, complete in business and rich in traditional plays. The Lawsuit of Pan Yang is an influential drama, which has been made into a dramatic film.

Sixian opera

Sixian Opera is one of the ancient local operas in Hebei Province. It is a branch of "Chord Tone" in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was called "Chord Tone" in ancient times. There is no actress in Sixian Opera, and both male and female roles are played by male actors, which forms the characteristic of alternating use of true and false voices when singing. The accompaniment instruments of Sixian have long been two Qin Liu and two Sanxian. During the Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, because he often performed on the same stage with the old-fashioned Bangzi, the main accompaniment instrument was changed to the old tenor banhu, and other instruments also increased or decreased. In the process of development, it was influenced by Kunqu Opera, Hebei Bangzi and Beijing Opera to varying degrees. It is popular in the vast rural areas of central and southern Hebei Province and parts of Shanxi Province. The singing of Sixian has both high-pitched and wan-cavity, which is mainly plate cavity, divided into two systems: cross-tuning and tube-tuning, each with a variety of plate cavities. On the eve of liberation, there were only one or two professional classes in Sixian County. After liberation, Sixian developed greatly and actresses took part in the performance. Yin He, an outstanding traditional drama in Sixian County, was once put on the screen.

Indiscriminate transfer of resources through administrative orders

PingDiao is one of the local operas in Hebei Province, which originated from Wu 'an County in the south of Hebei Province, also known as "Wu 'an PingDiao". Popular in southern Hebei, northern Henan and southeastern Shanxi, it is deeply loved by local people. It is said that the emergence of Pingdiao began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and it was evolved from Wu 'an artists' learning from j[ Huaidiao] and combining Wu 'an folk music and dance.

Pingdiao belongs to "Bangzizha", which is full of business and good at performing historical dramas. Its aria belongs to banqiang, with relatively complete structure, beautiful melody and good lyricism. There are mainly adagio, Baer board, flowing board, scattered board, planted board, stacked board, sad board and so on. There are many kinds of suona qupai and Sixian qupai 100 with music accompaniment. Once upon a time, the accompaniment instruments were Erxian and Ji Qin. ; After liberation, sheng, flute and banhu were added. In performance, it has the characteristics of lively, rough, passionate and bold style. His masterpieces include San Zhang Jin, Ten Beauties of Qi Chen and Jin Zhong Ji.

Tangshan shadow play

Tangshan shadow play is also called "Laoting Shadow" and "Luanzhou Shadow" because of its musical characteristics in Laoting and Luanxian in Tangshan area. Popular in Tangshan, Chengde, Langfang and other cities and counties in Hebei Province, it is a comprehensive art with exquisite carving skills, dexterous manipulation skills and lyrical singing music. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression used to gather people to perform during the slack season, and the towns and villages in the above areas have a deep mass base. Its vocal music is particularly popular with the masses.

The singing of Tangshan Shadow Play evolved from the pure rap form of "Dafu Shadow", which is divided into male voice and female voice. There are many accents (such as flat tone, flower fading, Yang Yunping tone, Hedong tone, Luanhe tone and intonation) and various plates (such as slow board, fast eyes, slow sex, tight sex, three sex and flowing water). It has a history of three or four hundred years. Due to the development and creation of early artists, different schools have been formed for a long time. Its main accompaniment instrument used to be a small three-stringed instrument, which was gradually replaced by a four-stringed instrument.

Beijing opera

Beijing opera is a new kind of drama developed on the basis of playing the line after liberation. Playing strings is a popular rap art form in Beijing. In the past, the story of third-person rap was sometimes sung by more than two actors in disguise, which was called color singing. Today's Quju is a form of traditional Chinese opera born out of Paizi Qu. 1950, Wei Xikui, a folk art actor, and others first performed "Visiting New Relatives" called "New Folk Art", which was later renamed as Quju, and successively performed such plays as Willow Well, Arhat Money, Yang Naiwu and Chinese Cabbage, Crying, Camel Xiangzi, etc.

There are many kinds of tunes in Beijing Quju, which are lively, articulate and easy to express modern life.

provincial drama newly evolved from the song-and-dance duet

Errentai is the most popular form of folk opera in western Inner Mongolia, which is widely spread in the northwest of the mountain and Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province. ; At first, only two actors sang on the stage, hence the name "Errentai". On the basis of the local ditty "Four Selections of Zuo Qiang", it evolved by absorbing "social fire" and Mongolian folk songs and dances. It has a history of nearly a hundred years. Most of the repertoire of Errentai is a little drama of life. The music of Errentai has a strong local color, and the tunes adopted are developed from folk songs. ): the scale jumps greatly, and there are many decorative sounds, which have a melodious, open and rough style. The accompaniment instrument has a flute; Hu Si; Dulcimer, sanxian, etc. , beat the rhythm with "four tiles" (bamboo musical instruments).

Before liberation, Errentai was devastated by reactionary rule. After liberation, a series of reforms were carried out in script, performance and music, and the form and content of performance were greatly improved.

Jilin drama

Jiju Opera was born in 1959. Based on the "duet", it absorbed the advantages of other folk arts in Northeast China and borrowed from other local operas, and became popular in Jilin Province:

The aria music of Ji opera includes two categories: "six tones" and "scientific tones", each with a set of qupai. These qupai are representative parts of "Errenzhuan" music and are suitable for traditional Chinese opera. After it was absorbed into Jizhong opera, according to the law of "Banqiang" opera music, it formed three boards and a positive board. Allegro, grab board, line board, loose board, running board and other forms. The main accompaniment instruments are: banhu and suona. The performance of Ji Opera inherits the five pillars of Islam, such as singing, dressing, dancing, speaking and acrobatics (handkerchiefs, fans and other unique skills), and absorbs the performance expertise of other operas, which has developed into a unique style. The arranged repertoires, such as Bao Gong's Compensation and Yan Qing's suspense, show the performance style and artistic achievements of Ji Opera.

Shanxi drama

Shanxi Opera, also known as "Shanxi Middle Road Bangzi" and "Taiyuan Bangzi", was named after liberation and is the main local opera in Shanxi. Together with Zhou Pu Bangzi, Beiluo Bangzi and Shangdang Bangzi, it is called the "Four Bangzi" in Shaanxi. Spread in central Shanxi, northern Hebei, Inner Mongolia, northwestern Shaanxi and other vast areas. Jin Opera absorbed the musical elements of Pu Opera, Kunqu Opera and Hebei Bangzi on the basis of Jinzhong Yangko during Daoguang and Xianfeng years in Qing Dynasty, and formed its own artistic style, which gradually developed and prevailed. Its singing is both vigorous and rough, and mellow and meticulous. Drama plots are often expressed by big lyrics, and dialogues are replaced by duets. On the board, there are mainly four eyes: splint, sex and running water, as well as a board for expressing passion and a dialogue for expressing grief. Each of its professions has its own different singing methods; The vocals are varied; Rich and colorful. Many technical performances of Jin Opera are also famous, such as Zi Ling Gong, whip Gong and tip-swinging Gong.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period; In the revolutionary base areas, many artists performed new historical dramas and modern dramas to serve War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After liberation, many excellent traditional plays and new plays appeared in Jin Opera, such as "Playing Golden Branches", "Butterfly Cup" and "Liu Hulan".

Pu opera

Pu Opera is named after its birthplace in Zhou Pu (now Yongji County, Shaanxi Province), also known as "Lu Nan Bangzi" and "Zhou Pu Bangzi". People in southern Shanxi also call it "random bombs". It is the oldest opera among the "Four Bangzi" in Shanxi Province. Bangzi in Shanxi, Hebei, Henan and other places have also been affected by it. Pu Opera is a popular opera in southern Shanxi, which has a broad mass base in western Henan, eastern Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Tracing back to the source, it evolved from "drumming" and was basically formed in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, which was divided into West Road and South Road: South Road was more elegant and exquisite; The west road is hot and unrestrained. The music of Pu Opera is powerful, clear, lively and infectious. There are many kinds of continental cavity plates, such as adagio, antithesis, flowing water, partition, rolling white and so on. The performance is very exaggerated, and there are many stunts such as "playing with feathers" and "playing with hat wings".

Before liberation, this kind of drama was despised and destroyed by the ruling class, the troupe was scattered, and the artists changed jobs to make a living and were in a dying state. After liberation, under the care of the Party, the art of Pu Opera was restored and developed through excavation, arrangement and innovation. The drama Dou Eyuan was once made into a film and was welcomed by the audience.

(Hokuriku Bangzi) Hokuriku Bangzi is one of the "Four Big Bangzi" in Shanxi. Popular in the northwestern part of the mountain, Inner Mongolia and northwestern Hebei. Originated from Zhou Pu Bangzi, it flourished during Tongzhi and Guangxu periods in Qing Dynasty: after the July 7th Incident, due to the destruction of the Japanese invaders, the class club was dissolved, artists changed careers and almost disappeared. It was not until 1954 that the first opera performance in Shanxi resumed.

The aria, melody and aria of Hokuriku Bangzi are similar to those of Pu Opera, but the tunes are louder and richer, rich in game from the mountains outside the Great Wall. In particular, its "tune (coloratura)" is ever-changing and melodious to sing. Mainly include: flexible board, splint, two-sex, three-sex, overlapping board, running water, arrow board, rolling white and so on. Hokuriku Bangzi is good at singing long paragraphs, and every sentence basically follows the law of "weak rise and strong fall", but because it is sung by word and emotion, it sounds varied and never monotonous.

Shangdang bangzi

Shangdang Bangzi, also known as "Southeast Shanxi Bangzi" and "Shangdang Palace Tune", is one of the "Four Big Bangzi" in Shanxi. According to legend, it originated in Zezhou (now Jincheng) in the late Ming Dynasty and was popular in the southeast of Shanxi. The word "Shangdang" was named after southeastern Shanxi was the ancient Shangdang County.

The performance of Shangdang Bangzi, no matter the catwalk or the characters, has the artistic characteristics of rough mouth and simplicity. Singing is high and lively, and the qupai is quite rich, especially the tune of "coloratura", which is beautiful and unique. In addition to Bangzi Opera, he also performed some rollo and Kunqu Opera in the past.

Shaanxi opera

Shaanxi Opera is one of the main local operas in the northwest of China, which grows in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province. Since the Zhou Dynasty, Guanzhong area has been called "Qin", hence the name of Qin Opera. Shaanxi Opera is an ancient drama in China, which was formed on the basis of Shaanxi-Gansu folk songs in the Ming Dynasty. During its development, it was influenced by Kunqu Opera, Yiyang Opera and Qingyang Opera. It flourished in the early Qing Dynasty and spread widely to Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Hebei and other provinces. In the process of development, Shaanxi Opera has evolved into three roads due to different regions: East Road Shaanxi Opera, namely Tongzhou Bangzi; West Road Shaanxi Opera, also known as Xifu Shaanxi Opera; Zhonglu Qinqiang, also known as Xi 'an Bangzi. Qinqiang opera was originally the general name of all bangzi in Shaanxi, and later it generally referred to xi 'an Qinqiang opera. It combines the strengths of various Shaanxi operas and spreads in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places.

Shaanxi Opera pioneered a structural method of plate change in China traditional opera music, and became a representative opera in the Bangzi (San Opera) system. Although the style of Bangzi Opera in several northern provinces is very different from that of Shaanxi Opera, it has the same characteristics in timbre and accompaniment.

Shaanxi Opera has a unique artistic style. Its vocal range is wide, its voice is loud, straight up and down, giving people a feeling of high-pitched, violent and rough. There are "happy sounds" and "bitter sounds" on the tune; There are mainly five kinds of boards: adagio, sharp board, rolling board, rocking board and substitute board. The music is colorful, beautiful and moving. The performance is simple and enthusiastic, full of exaggeration, full of life, and there are many stunts such as fire-breathing, falling and tricks.

During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, some Shaanxi opera troupes in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia reformed traditional operas, and created and performed modern operas such as Hate Poverty and Revenge with Blood and Tears, which were well received by the anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians. After liberation, the traditional repertoires such as Three Blood Drops, Zhao's Orphan and Hongmeige were staged in Shaanxi Opera.

New achievements in artistic development

Hubei drama

Hubei Opera, also known as "Quzi" and "Fan Huzi", is one of the favorite forms of oil opera in northwest China. Popular in all parts of Shaanxi and parts of Shanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces.

County, Hubei county folk songs, minor, nursery rhymes and other development. In the middle of Qing dynasty, he performed on the stage. In the process of development, it is divided into three roads: east, middle and west. East Road gives full play to the advantages of Xiaoqu, which is lively, healthy and beautiful. Xiluo is a big song, with elegant and tragic tune and slow singing. The middle road is between the two, and the singing method is greatly influenced by Shaanxi opera, which sounds high and tragic.

There are 72 major tunes and 36 minor tunes in Hubei county. In terms of accompaniment, the "stalls" in singing are relatively simple, with only three strings, banhu, Xing Zi and siwa (rhythmic instruments made of four bamboo boards). After moving onto the stage, it absorbed percussion music of Shaanxi Opera and other operas, and added strings such as erhu to make the band's expressive force more colorful. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, literary and art workers in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region created new dramas such as Twelve Sickles, which all adopted the tune of Yun 'e.

Wan Wanqiang

Wan Wan dialect was originally a shadow play popular in eastern Shaanxi. Because there is a small copper bowl in the musical instrument, it forms a unique musical style with Qin Yue, hence the name. Although it is a local opera, it is complete in form, complete in business, melodious and beautiful in music, and vivid and touching in lyrics. Most of its dramas are this drama, and there are few passbook dramas. Musically, Wan Wan Opera absorbed tune factors such as Qin Opera, Pu Opera, Yun Ge and Jin Opera, and created a colorful and unique aria. The main types are: Touhui South Road, Erhui South Road, East Road Cavity, Tight Board, Curled Board, Yangju, Flower Cavity, West Chamber Tune, etc. Accompaniment instruments are mainly Qin Yue, Hard String and Erhu, which are very harmonious and varied to use. 1956 developed into a stage play on the basis of shadow play, which spread in eastern Shaanxi, southern Shanxi, Jinzhong and other places and was well received by the masses.

Gansu drama

Long Opera is a young drama developed on the basis of the singing of the musical Love in Longdong after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Longdong Love is a shadow play popular in Longdong Huanxian and Qingyang. It's modeling Performance (shadow play operation), especially music, has a unique local flavor and is deeply loved by the masses. Before liberation, it was destroyed by the reactionary ruling class, and art could not be developed. After liberation, it was excavated and arranged and staged in 1958. 1959 set up a professional troupe, officially named "Dragon Opera". Since then, many historical plays and modern plays have been rehearsed. Among them, the large-scale historical drama "Phoenix Falling Pool" is very popular with the audience.

Long drama music has a broad and beautiful melody and a free and lively rhythm. His vocals include Adagio, Flying Board and New Board. "Rolling white" and so on are also divided into "injured sound" and "Huayin". Among them, the use of "Chun" (that is, the drawl in the aria) and "Ma Chun" (that is, the help in the aria) has formed the unique style of dragon opera music, and its main accompaniment instrument is He Haidi.

Henan opera; Yu Opera；Henan Opera

Henan Opera, also known as "Henan Bangzi", is one of the main operas in Henan Province. It is popular in Henan, Shaanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui and other places, and is a combination of Shaanxi Opera, Zhou Pu Bangzi and Henan local folk operas. Due to his long-term performance in the countryside, he has a strong local flavor, many singers and few mouths, and is good at expressing various feelings. His performance style is simple and fresh, which is deeply loved by the broad masses of the people.

At present, Henan Opera can be divided into four schools: Eastern Henan Opera, Western Henan Opera, Xiangfu Opera and Sha Hetiao Opera. Eastern Henan: With Shangqiu and Kaifeng as the center, it is lively and lively with falsetto singing, high pitch and coloratura. It is also called "Martial Drink", "Xiangfudiao" and "Sha Hetiao". The western Henan tune is centered on Luoyang and sung with a real voice, with a low tune and a low ending; Also known as "the next five tones". There are many kinds of boards in the cavity, such as adagio, Barr board, running board, flying board, planting board, rolling board and so on. The main accompaniment instruments are cucurbit flute, Qin Yue, flute and bangzi. There are hundreds of qupai in Wenwu field. More than 400 traditional plays have been circulated. After liberation, Henan Opera has achieved great success in modern drama performances, such as Liu Hulan, Chaoyanggou, Li Shuangshuang, Cheer for the Masses, Circus and so on. Henan Opera has now developed into a kind of drama with national influence.

Yuediao

Yuediao is one of the main local operas in Henan Province. Popular in Henan and northern Hubei. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty on the basis of string rope popular in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and influenced by Shaanxi Opera and Han Opera.

Yuediao music is rich, with nine tones and eighteen tones. Accompaniment instruments are mainly ukulele, but also lie flute, Qin Yue and Sanxian. In the past, it was famous for being good at performing tragedies. Since liberation, due to the innovation of music and the change of repertoire, it has made gratifying achievements in performing comedy. There are two schools of Yuediao popular in Henan now. One is Yuediao in Nanyang, which keeps the characteristics of Da Yue tune and has a slow singing rhythm. The third word of adagio should be pulled back with falsetto, and there are more tunes to sing. The other one-it's from southern Henan and eastern Henan.

Yuediao, in recent decades, especially after liberation; With great innovation, we no longer use falsetto to pull back the cavity, but sing at a faster pace, which is suitable for performing modern people's lives.

quju

Henan Quju, also known as "Henan Quzi", is one of the main local operas in Henan Province. It is a local opera based on Qu Jun, a folk rap music. Most of its qupai are folk songs and ballads popular in the Central Plains since Ming and Qing Dynasties. Accompanied by three strings, pipa, guzheng and other plucked instruments; The melody is euphemistic and pleasant, but the lingering twists and turns are more than enough. In order to meet the new appreciation needs of the masses, drum music around Luoyang began to evolve into some lively and catchy tunes, and some life dramas were sung in the form of "walking on stilts" and playing "stories", and the music accompaniment became mainly Hu, with a loud volume. People call this tone "tabloid tone". The primitive drum music is still popular in Nanyang, which is called "major music". This reform is an important turning point from rap to drama, and it was officially staged around 1926.

After liberation, the singing of Quju music has made great progress, and some of them have broken through the limitations of the original Qupai music and gradually moved closer to the banqiang music, overcoming the defect of poor recitation. At the same time, it enriches and changes the original tunes and enhances the expressive force.

Lü opera

Lu Opera, formerly known as "Yangqin Opera" or "Yangqin Opera", is a new kind of drama developed on the basis of Shandong Qinshu (Yangqin Sitting). At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Qin calligraphers Shi Dianyuan and Tan Binglun in Guangrao County performed a program of "Sitting in the Room and Playing the Yangqin" in disguise, which was welcomed by the masses. At this time, dressed performers must play musical instruments at the same time. Later, accompaniment and singing were separated and developed into "dulcimer play". Its epidemic area has been expanding and gradually spread all over counties and cities in Shandong Province. In rural areas, it is especially popular with women.

In addition to some local operas, traditional Lu operas are mostly small dramas with folk stories and family stories as their themes. The singing of Lu Opera is simple, simple and approachable. Its tunes are mainly "Siping Tune" and "Baner Tune". Actors are free to use it according to the plot when singing, and they are good at expressing their feelings and expressing modern life. After liberation, a special organization was set up to focus on sorting out, researching, creating and performing influential plays such as Li Er's Wife Remarried. Musically, it absorbed the musical characteristics of other northern Bangzi operas, created some new tunes, and enriched the expressive force of Lu opera music. Lu Opera has developed into a local opera with extensive influence.

Liu Zi's drama [a local drama popular in western Shandong]

Liu Zi Opera, also known as Heizi Opera, is an ancient Lu Opera. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, it developed from string ditties such as "Huang Yinger" and "Mountain Slope Sheep" which were popular in Henan and Shandong. Later, it absorbed the popular seven-character rap "Liuzidiao" and named it "Liuzidiao". It was one of the four major tunes of China "Nankun, Beige, Liu Dong and Xibang" before Pihuang Opera came out. Liu Zi Opera is popular in the border areas of Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan.

Most of the traditional dramas of Liu Zi Opera are sung by folk songs, including some out-of-tune, Qing Yang, Kunqu opera, random play, roller skating, dolls, fine-tuning dramas and singing. Melody twists and turns euphemistic, beautiful and pleasant, there are four kinds: Yuediao, Pingdiao, Downward, Erbadiao. There are more than 200 qupai. The accompaniment instruments are Sanxian, Sheng and Di. In performing arts, Liu Zi Opera has a profound foundation and unique style, and all walks of life are both civil and military, rough and delicate.

Before liberation, the Liu Zi Opera House was destroyed and almost completely annihilated. After the founding of New China, Liu Zi Troupe was established, which restored and developed this kind of drama. The troupe has created a number of excellent traditional plays, among which Sun An's touching version has won people's praise.

Huangmei Opera

HuangRegret Opera is a local opera in Anhui Province, which originated from the "tea picking tune" in HuangRegret County, Hubei Province. "Tea picking tune" is widely popular in the adjacent areas of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. Combining local popular dance and folk art, a folk opera is gradually formed, which Anhui people call "Huangmei tune". After liberation, it was changed to Huang Regret Drama.

In the early stage of Huangmei Opera, there were many performances of "Two Plays" (Clown, Xiao Dan) and "Three Plays" (Plus Xiaosheng). Later, influenced by the "high cavity", it further enriched its development. After Daoguang in Qing Dynasty, Huangmei Opera flowed into Anqing area with Huaining as the center, and once performed on the same stage with Huizhou Opera, which was deeply influenced by Huizhou Opera. In addition, it also absorbed local folk songs and minor tunes, and further developed and formed a unique style. After liberation, Huangmei Opera developed rapidly and was welcomed by audiences all over the world.

Huangmei Opera is rich in tunes, including more than 100 kinds of * * * such as "Comment on Ci", "Two Lines", "Three Lines", "Fire Attack", "Color Tone" and "Fairy Tone". Huangmei Opera is sung in the language of Anqing, and it is always sung in its own voice, so people feel that the language is easy to understand and the pronunciation is clear.

Luxi opera

Originally named "Daoqi Opera", Lu Opera was developed on the basis of Dabie Mountain folk songs and Huaihe River folk dances, and has a history of more than 200 years. 1955 changed its name to Lu Opera. In the process of development, it was influenced by Huizhou Opera and Peking Opera. Now it is a popular drama in Anhui Province. Due to the different epidemic areas, several different schools have been formed: Lu' an Popular West Road. In Huoshan area, the singing is relatively high and rough; South Road is popular in Wuhu and Nanling, and its singing is delicate and soft. Middle Road is popular in Hefei and Chaoxian, and its singing has the artistic characteristics of West Road and South Road.

During its long-term popularity, Lu Opera has continuously introduced Anhui folk art (such as "gongs and drums"). Traditional operas (such as "Mulian Opera" and "Huizhou Opera") absorb nutrients and form 100 kinds of musical aria and tunes, which are mainly divided into "coloratura" and "main melody". "Main melody" has different characteristics according to different industries, such as "old melody" and "cold melody". In terms of repertoire and performing arts, it is also very colorful.

(Sizhou Opera) Sizhou Opera, commonly known as "pulling the soul cavity", is one of the main operas in Anhui Province. Popular on both sides of Huaihe River. It has something to do with Shandong. Jiangsu Liuqin Opera comes down in one continuous line, which has been circulated in Anhui for a long time and has been enriched and developed. At first, it appeared in the form of rap, and it was performed in the countryside all the year round in the form of "singing the door" and "spreading the street". Later, it absorbed the dance of Hua Gu Deng to enrich its performing arts, and on this basis, it developed into Sizhou Opera, which has a history of 100 years. The singing of Sizhou Opera is closely combined with Bai, which is changeable and tactfully moving. He is good at performing small plays about the lives of working people, such as Picking Cotton and Going Home, which are all influential plays.

Hubei drama

Han opera, formerly known as Chu tune, is also called Han tune. It was renamed Han Opera before and after the Revolution of 1911. Xipi, originally evolved from Shaanxi opera through Xiangyang South.