Toad (toad) , also called toad há ma ( toad alone read má ). Amphibian, the body surface has many bumps, inside the poisonous glands, commonly known as toad, mange thorn. In China, it is divided into two kinds: the Chinese big toad and the black orbital toad. Extracted from its body toadstools, as well as toadstools are in short supply in China's medicinal herbs. Introduction Name Toad (Figure 1) Pinyin Name Chán Chú Alias Bitter Toad ("Bie Lu"), Toad ("Treatise on Medicinal Properties"), Toad ("Diffractions of the Materia Medica"), Oyster Apparel ("Treatise on All Infant Formulas"), Lai Shrimp Toad, Stone Mussel ("Materia Medica Meng Chuan"), Lai Ge Bao ("Collection of Guizhou Folk Formulas"), Lai Ba Zi, Laiba Zi, Laiba Zi ("Handbook of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Jilin"), Laiba A kind of toad ("Medicinal Herb Information Compilation"), Mealybug toad, Mealybug Ba Zi ("Shandong Manual of Chinese Herbal Medicine"). Origin and Sources The entire body of the Chinese big toad or black-orbital toad of the family Bufoideae. Caught in summer and fall. After catching, the toadstools are first harvested and then killed and directly dried in the sun (Northeast China, North China); or killed and then the internal organs are removed and the body cavities are opened up and dried in the sun (East China, Central South China, South China). This kind of dried toad is known as "dry toad", and the one with internal organs removed is called "dry toad skin". Edit this section toad species flower back toad Chinese name flower back toad Latin name Bufo raddei Named by Strauch Morphological description Body length average about 60 millimeters, the largest female up to 80 millimeters; head broader than the head length; muzzle end rounded, muzzle prongs are significant, the cheeks to the lateral tilt; nasal spacing is slightly smaller than the eye spacing, the upper eyelid is wide, slightly larger than the eye spacing, tympanic membrane is significant, ellipsoid.　Forelimbs stout and short; fingers thin and short, order of length 3.1.2.4, 1st and 3rd fingers of several equal lengths, 4th finger rather short; subarticular tubercles not paired; external metacarpal protuberances large and rounded, dark brown, internal metacarpal small and light-colored. Hind limbs short, tibiotalar joints reaching anteriorly to shoulder or posterior end of shoulder, right and left heels not meeting, feet longer than tibia, toes short, toe ends black or dark brown; toes laterally all ciliated, bases connected into semipalpals; subarticular tubercles small and well defined, inner metatarsal prominences larger and darker, outer metatarsal prominences very small and lighter in color.　Male skin rough, head, upper eyelids and dorsum densely covered with warts of unequal size, females with fewer warts, postauricular glands large and flat; limbs and abdomen smooth.　Dorsal surface of males mostly olive-yellow, with irregular patches and red dots on warts; dorsal surface of females light green, with saucy patches and red dots on warts; dorsal surface of head and back often with light green ridges in the middle of the dorsal surface, and dark brown stripes on maxillary margins and limbs. Ventral surfaces of both sexes creamy white, generally unspotted, a few with small black scattered spots.　Males have thicker skin, stout forelimbs, black nuptial pads at the base of the medial three fingers, and a single subpharyngeal internal vocal sac.　Ecological information During the daytime, it mostly hides under the grass and rocks or inside the earth holes, and at dusk, it goes out to look for food. In winter, they live in groups in sandy soil.　Geographical distribution Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei and Shandong.　Pharmacological Actions Medicinal Materials 1. Toadstools are the slurry secreted by the post-auricular glands of toads, which are captured from April to August, and then washed and scraped after capture. Scraping pulp, the thumb on the neck of the toad, the remaining fingers hold the toad body, and then copper tweezers clip its post-auricular glands, do not over-exertion, one or two can be white pulp juice clip out, with a 40-mesh sieve sieve, remove impurities, the sieve filtered pulp spread on a glass plate, the thickness of 3-4 mm is appropriate, or the sieve filtered pulp juice to seven dry, then kneaded and delicate made of pancakes, put in the sun dry or drying. Temperature at 40 ℃ -60 ℃ is appropriate.　Due to the different processing methods around the world, the shape of the herb is also different. Generally divided into pieces of toadstools, group toadstools two kinds.　The piece of support for the crisp irregular slice, varying in size, about 2-3 mm thick, above the rough, below the flat. Yellowish brown or light brown, brittle and easy to break. Water that is flooded with white milky liquid.　Dough toadstools are usually flat round lumps or cakes. Diameter of about 7-8 centimeters, about 1 cm thick. Brownish purple or purple-black, flat and smooth surface, hard, not easy to break. The surface is gelatinous and bright.　2. The medicinal properties of the dried toad, the body shape is smaller than the Chinese big toad, no black spots on the abdomen.　3. Toad gall is the gall bladder of toad, spring to fall catch toad, dissect the abdomen to take gall bladder, fresh.　Application 1. Toad biscuits have the function of detoxification, reducing swelling, relieving pain and strengthening the heart. It can be used for treating boils, nameless swelling, sore throat, caries pain, pediatric chancre, heart failure and so on. The dosage of 0.01-0.03 grams, appropriate amount for external use.　2. Dried toad has the function of detoxification and dispersal of swelling. It is mainly used in the treatment of canker sores, pediatric chancre, etc. In recent years, it has also been used in the treatment of stomach cancer. In recent years, it is also used in the treatment of stomach cancer. The dosage is 0.12-0.18 grams.　3. Toad gall has the functions of suppressing cough, expectorant, asthma and anti-inflammatory. It is used to treat bronchitis. The dosage is 1-3 pieces. Black Orbital Toad The black orbital toad is a very cute toad with a ring of black protrusions around its eyes, as if wearing black orbital glasses, so it is called the black orbital toad. It is fashionable, with black toes that look like black nail polish. The body is obese, about 6 to 7 centimeters in size. The body color varies greatly, including yellowish brown, blackish brown, and grayish black, with some having irregular brownish-red spots. The skin is rough, except for the top of the head, and the whole body is covered with rough warts of various sizes, all of which are covered with black-brown horny spines. The tympanic membrane is large and conspicuous, and behind the eyes there is a pair of unusually large raised glands, which are the posterior line of the ear, and the venomous glands for which they are famous.　They are widely distributed on flatlands and at low altitudes, and are the amphibians that are happiest with humans, often found near homes, rice paddies, and open spaces. However, when the male toad is hugged by other male toads, his call becomes a short and sharp "ga, ga", as if warning the other party: "I am also a male, don't touch me".　Adults are very adaptable to their environment, and in well sheltered pools, such as the Lotus Pond, a pool of less than 100 square meters may contain hundreds of black-orbital toads. As the number of females present each night is small, competition between males is intense, and it can happen that 5.6 males are holding a female at the same time. The females lay thousands of eggs at a time, arranged in pairs in long gelatinous strings that can be more than 8 meters long. The tadpoles are also poisonous. The body is diamond-shaped and brownish-black, and the caudal fin is light-colored with fine lines. Chinese Tree Toad Small and slender, with a flat, downward-facing snout and a head wider than long. The tympanum is round and clear. There is a dark brown eyepatch from the end of the muzzle through the eyes and tympanum to just above the shoulders. Temporal folds obliquely straight and distinct. Dorsum grass-green with smooth skin. Side of body: white with a slight yellowish tinge, scattered with some black spots of various sizes. Abdomen white, densely covered with flat warts. Forelimbs dorsal green, with suckers and transverse grooves at the finger tips, slightly webbed between the fingers, small warts on the palms, hind limbs dorsal green, inner femur yellow with some small black spots, toes also with suckers at the tips, semi-webbed between the toes. The inner metatarsal protuberances are ovoid, without outer metatarsal protuberances. Edit this paragraph Geographic distribution Toads are distributed throughout the country. From the end of spring to the end of fall, they lurk in the bushes and crops during the daytime, or under the stones and in the holes in the dry land around the houses, and they often crawl on the roadsides and grasslands at dusk to forage for food. Most of them move slowly and clumsily, not good at swimming, most of the time creeping and crawling, but when there is danger, they will also take small steps and jump over short distances (there are exceptions, such as the rain frogs, tree frogs, and clump frogs in the family of toads, which are better at jumping than frogs and are more flexible than frogs, and the slippery-toed toad species can jump just like frogs).　Toad is a general term for animals in the family of anurans and toads. The most common toad is the giant toad, commonly known as the toad. The skin is rough and the back is covered with large and small bumps, which the toad (Figure 2) is a sebaceous gland. The largest pair of these are the postauricular glands located on the side of the head above the tympanic membrane. These glands secrete white venom, which is the raw material for making toadstools. Toads generally refer to the more than 300 species of toads in the family Bufoidea, which are divided into 26 genera. They are found mainly in all regions of the world except Madagascar, Polynesia and the poles. (Originally absent from Australia, toads have been imported from other areas, but reproduce too quickly and are poisonous, making them one of Australia's most serious problems today) During the day, large toads tend to hide in shady places, such as under rocks, in earth holes, or in the grass. In the evening, they are active in ponds, along ditches, riverbanks, fields, vegetable gardens, roadsides or around houses, and often concentrate in dry places to feed on various pests, especially after rain. The big toad mostly lurks in the silt or rotten grass under the water in winter, and there are also overwintering in the mud on land. Edit this section Habitat Distribution Ecological environment 1. living in the mud or living under the stone or between the grass, night out to forage. Toad (10 photos) 2. Inhabits moist grass, common at night or after rain. Prey on a variety of harmful insects and other small animals. Distribution of resources 1. Distributed in northeast, north, east and central China and Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places.　2. Distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places. Medicinal value of toad medicinal toad, commonly known as toad, in animal taxonomy belongs to the vertebrate phylum, amphibian, anuran, toad family. There are 25 genera and 300 species in this family, and there are 2 genera and 17 species and subspecies in China, among which the Chinese giant toad is the most widely distributed, and it is distributed almost all over the country. But in recent years, due to the deterioration of the ecological environment, wild resources have been sharply reduced. Artificial breeding has been imperative.　Toad is a kind of economic animal with high medicinal value. Its whole body is a treasure! Toad crisps, dried toad skin, toad clothes, toad head, toad tongue, toad liver, toad gall and so on are medicinal herbs.　The dried white pulp secreted by the post-auricular and skin glands of the toad is called toadstool, which is a precious Chinese herbal medicine containing a variety of biological components, detoxification, swelling, pain relief, cardiac diuretic, anticancer, anesthesia, anti-radiation, etc. It can be used to treat cardiac failure, stomatitis, pharyngolaryngeal inflammation, sore throat, skin cancer, etc. The toadstool has been used in Germany for the treatment of skin cancer. At present, Germany has used the toadstool preparation for the clinical treatment of coronary heart disease, and Japan has used the toadstool as the raw material for the production of "life-saving dan". China's famous Plum Blossom Pointing Tongue Dan, a toothache pill, heart treasure, Chinese toadstool injection and more than 50 kinds of proprietary Chinese medicines have toadstool ingredients. Toadstool has both advantages and disadvantages, it is very toxic and cannot be taken directly, it needs to be refined and processed!　The dried carcass of toad with internal organs removed is dried toad skin, which is cold in nature and bitter in taste, and can be used to treat pediatric chancre, chronic bronchitis, sore throat, carbuncle and poison treatment. In recent years, it has been used in many kinds of cancer or with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to treat cancer, which can not only improve the efficacy, but also reduce the side effects and improve the blood picture.　Toad coat is the natural shedding of horny coat membrane of toad, which has better curative effect on chronic liver disease, various cancers, chronic bronchitis, ascites, canker sores and so on.　In addition, the head, tongue, liver and gall of toad can be used as medicine; at the same time, the meat of toad is tender and delicious, and it is also a nutritious health delicacy. Treatment of malignant tumors 1.Treatment of leukemia 15 toads weighing more than 125 grams, remove the viscera and wash, add 1500 milliliters of yellow wine, boiled in water for 2 hours and then filtered, 15-30 milliliters per serving, three times a day, after meals, after relief of the symptoms reduce the amount of maintenance. In addition to supportive therapy without any drugs, the treatment of 32 cases of leukemia, complete remission rate of 25%, total remission rate of 75%. Dried toad powder 1 gram, three times a day, pediatric halved, with Zijindan. Prednisone intranasal, the treatment of 13 cases of eosinophilia, clinical cure of 7 cases, most of the eosinophils began to decline in 10 days after the use of drugs. By a single party gas death of famous doctors folded from the [combination of Chinese and Western medicine]. Edit this paragraph toad utilization value Toad has a high comprehensive utilization value. Toad skin glands, post-auricular glands secrete white slurry, which can be processed into the valuable Chinese medicine toadstool, toad can be processed into dry toad clothes, toad head, toad tongue, toad liver, toad gall and other traditional valuable Chinese medicine, for the treatment of esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, nephritis, diphtheria, epidemiological costochondritis have very good efficacy. Toadstool contains a variety of biological components, which have the effect of detoxification, swelling reduction and pain relief. Modern medicine found that it has other drugs irreplaceable cardiotonic, diuretic, anticancer, anesthesia, anti-radiation, increase the role of white blood cells, is the treatment of coronary heart disease medicine, Japan with the toadstools produced "life-saving Dan" medicine. Japan uses toadstools to produce "life-saving Dan" medicine. Our country uses toadstools to produce Liushen Pill, Xinbao, Plum Blossom Tongue Spoils, Hua Toadin, Tianli Toadstool Capsules and other medicines. According to the Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House of the national higher medical colleges and universities trial textbook "Chinese medicine": toad, fishy flavor, warm, poisonous. Attributed to the heart meridian, has the effect of detoxification, pain relief, opening up and so on. Chinese folk medicine medicine research and development association edited "cancer unique secret recipe" in: toad skin flavor fishy, cool, slightly poisonous, function detoxification, diuresis, elimination of bloating, the main cure for all kinds of swelling cancer. In 1999, by Shanghai Jiaotong University quantum medical testing, especially for cancer, cirrhosis of the liver, the treatment of pain in the effective content of ingredients over 8,000 price (where there are more than 8,000 price of immune function of the ingredients). Huaxia Publishing House, "Chinese Medicine Dictionary" in: toadstools are less toxic, mainly used for sores, swelling and poisoning and children's chancre, modern commonly used to treat tumors. In The Complete Book of Chinese Herbal Medicine by Yuanfang Publishing House, toadstools can be used to treat cancer, leukemia, lymphoma and so on.　According to the folk application survey, toadstool has the efficacy of clearing away heat, detoxification, swelling and pain, sedation, diuretic, aphrodisiac, anti-flu virus, and it has obvious effect on liver ascites and cancer, and it can be converted to hepatitis B teratriplegia and teratriplegia, and it can also rapidly and effectively strengthen the body and improve the immune function, and promote the natural balance of the human body's metabolism. Please follow the doctor's instruction for serving method.　Toad Coat is the epidermal coating of toad pulp, Sun Simiao said: "toad molt (coat) in addition to the evil swelling, God". Li Shizhen, "Compendium of Materia Medica", said: "Toad clothes are its storage of the essence of the five viscera and six bowels, the absorption of heaven and earth, yin and yang of the Chinese treasure, such as if you get one, all the maladies, there is no healing". Chinese medicine believes that the toadstool has the efficacy of detoxification and elimination of swelling, pain relief, and elimination of filth, and it is widely used in the treatment of canker sores and sore throats, etc. Modern research suggests that the toadstool is the main ingredient of the toadstool. Modern research believes that toad clothes contain toad dienol compounds, including toad venom and toad toxin, which have cardiotonic, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory effects, and toad venom has a strong anesthetic effect. Recently, researchers have found that toadstools have anti-tumor, anti-virus and other miraculous functions, which can be used to treat many kinds of malignant tumors, hepatitis, herpes zoster, liver ascites, kidney disease, breast hyperplasia, uterine fibroids and other difficult and complicated diseases.　According to the medical saint Zhang Zhongjing said: "Toad all pick up, clothes do not appear, strange." Over the past thousands of years, people only know that toads can molt, but never pick up the toad clothes. In recent years, researchers finally found through observation, toads in the summer heat of the night, through the thunder and lightning can molt once, and molt while eating, molt eat all, extremely difficult to harvest, so it is difficult to apply to clinical.　In recent years, all over the world have carried out artificial breeding of toads to achieve success, raising toads to take crisp, raising toads to take clothes has become a reality, as long as the breeder mastered the moulting law of toads, the use of special moulting tools, can be successfully obtained a natural toad clothes. For this reason, the artificial large-scale collection of natural toadstools is no longer a myth.　Toadstool is an emerging drug in the treasure trove of traditional Chinese medicine. Through the extraction and deep processing of the active ingredients of the toadstool, a number of new types of drugs and injections can be developed, and the prospect of its clinical application is very broad.