Biology and biosphere
1. Understanding biology
The biosphere is the home of all living things.
Biology and cells
1. Observe the cell structure
2. Cell life
3. How do cells constitute organisms?
4. Virus, a tiny organism with no cell structure.
Green plants in the biosphere
1. What are the green plants in the biosphere?
2. The life of angiosperms
3. Green plants and the water cycle of biosphere
4. Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.
5. Carbon and oxygen balance between green plants and biosphere
6. Take care of vegetation and green the motherland
The second volume of the seventh grade
People in the biosphere
1. The origin of mankind
2. Human nutrition
3. Human respiration
4. Transfer of substances in human body
5. Discharge of waste in human body
6. Regulation of human life activities
7. Impact of human activities on the biosphere
The first volume of the eighth grade
Other creatures in the biosphere
1. Animals in different environments
2. Animal movement and behavior
3. The role of animals in the biosphere
4. Widely distributed bacteria and fungi
5. The role of bacteria and fungi in the biosphere
Biodiversity and its protection
1. Classification based on biological characteristics
2. Understand biological diversity
3. Protecting biodiversity
The second volume of the eighth grade
The continuation and development of life in the biosphere
1. Biological reproduction and development
2. Inheritance and variation of organisms
3. Biological evolution
Healthy life
Infectious diseases and immunity
2. Drugs and first aid
3. Know yourself and improve your health
In the seventh grade biology class.
Biological characteristics: 1. Living things need nutrition. 2. Biological energy can breathe. 3. Bioenergy can excrete wastes produced in the body. 4. Bioenergy can respond to external stimuli. 5. Bioenergy can grow and reproduce.
Biological classification: (1) animals, plants and other organisms (2) terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms (3) crops, poultry, livestock and pets.
Biosphere range: a layer about 20 kilometers thick, including the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere.
Basic conditions provided by the biosphere for living things: All living things, such as animals and plants, need the same basic conditions. They all need nutrition, sunshine, air and water, as well as suitable temperature and a certain living space.
Effects of abiotic factors on living things: The life span of living things will be affected by abiotic factors. When one or several factors in the environment change dramatically, it will affect the life of living things and even lead to their death.
Effects of biological factors on organisms: predation, competition and cooperation.
Ecosystem: in a certain hell, the unified whole formed by biology and environment is called ecosystem. There are producers (plants), consumers (animals) and decomposers (microorganisms).
Food chain and food web: the relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming a food chain. In an ecosystem, there are often many food chains, which are intertwined to form a food web. Matter and energy in the ecosystem flow along the food chain and food web.
Biological system has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.
Various ecosystems: forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem and urban ecosystem.
The biosphere is a unified whole: each ecosystem is related to other ecosystems around it: from abiotic factors, from hell relations, from creatures in the ecosystem. 7 above P3 1
Practice using microscope: first adjust the coarse quasi-focus spiral, and then adjust the fine quasi-focus spiral. 7 quotient P37
Observation of plant cells: commonly used slide specimens are: slice-made of thin slices cut from organisms; Smear-made of liquid biomaterial smear; Load-made of a small amount of material torn or taken out of an organism.
Cell wall: it is the outermost transparent thin wall that protects and supports cells.
Cell membrane: A very thin membrane near the inside of the cell wall.
Nucleus: Plant cells are approximately spherical.
Cytoplasm: Structure inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus.
There are vacuoles in the cytoplasm, many substances are dissolved in the cytosol of vacuoles, and chloroplasts are also found in the cytoplasm of green cells of plants. Animal cells have no chloroplasts, cell walls and vacuoles.
Plant cell pattern P45 in fig. 7 and animal cell pattern P48 in fig. 7.
What is the substance in the cell? Many substances are made up of molecules.
Inorganic substances: molecules are relatively small and generally contain no carbon, such as water, inorganic salts and oxygen.
Organic matter: molecules are relatively large and generally contain carbon, such as sugars, lipids, protein, nucleic acids, etc.
Cells produce some wastes in life, such as urea and carbon dioxide.
The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, and there is an energy converter in the cytoplasm.
Chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy and stores it in the organic matter it produces.
Mitochondria use some organic substances in cells as fuel, combine with oxygen, and transform into carbon dioxide and water through complex processes, and at the same time release chemical energy from organic substances for cells to use.
There is a substance in the nucleus that stores genetic information-DNA. The carrier of genetic information is a medium, and its structure is like a spiral staircase. DNA molecules are very long and can be divided into many fragments, each of which has specific genetic information. These fragments are called genes.
DNA and protein form chromosomes.
Cell division produces new cells: the growth of organisms from small to large is inseparable from the growth and division of cells. But cells can't grow indefinitely, and some cells will divide when they grow to a certain size.
Cell division process and chromosome changes 7 P59
Cell differentiation forms tissue: epithelial tissue: muscle tissue that protects secretion and other functions; nerve tissue that contracts and relaxes; connective tissue that produces and conducts excitement: supporting, connecting, protecting, nourishing and other functions.
Tissue further forms organs, organ composition systems and human bodies.
Eight systems of human body: exercise system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive system. These eight systems coordinate with each other, so that all kinds of complex life activities in the human body can be carried out normally.
Structural level of plants: fertilized eggs form tissues and organs through cell division and differentiation, and then form plants.
Green flowering plants have six organs: roots, stems, leaves (vegetative flowers), fruits and seeds (development).
Several main organizations of plants: meristem, conservation organization, nutrition organization, transportation organization, etc.
Several unicellular organisms: yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga, amoeba, paramecium.
Schematic diagram of paramecium structure, the relationship between single-celled organisms and humans: 7 on P70.
Type of virus: virus has no cell structure, much smaller than cells, and its size can only be expressed in nanometers. Viruses cannot live independently and must live in the cells of other organisms. Viruses can be divided into three types according to their parasitic cells: animal viruses, plant viruses and bacterial viruses.
The structure and life of the virus: The structure of the virus is very simple, consisting of protein's shell and internal genetic material, with no cell structure.
The relationship between virus and human: 7 on P73.
Green plants in the biosphere: algae (lowest), bryophytes, ferns (highest), seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms).
Seed structure (kidney bean, corn): 7 on P85.
Angiosperms are more adapted to land life than gymnosperms, and they are more widely distributed in the biosphere.
Self-conditions of seed germination: suitable temperature, certain moisture and sufficient air.
The process of seed germination: seed germination must first absorb water. Nutrients in cotyledons or endosperm are transported to radicle, embryo and hypocotyl. Subsequently, the radicle develops, breaks through the seed coat and forms roots. The hypocotyl is elongated and the embryo develops into stems and leaves.
Plant Growth: 7 on P97
Plants need nutrients: water, organic matter and inorganic salts (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium).
The basic structure of peach blossom: 7 quotient P 102
Pollination: When the anther matures, it will naturally divide and emit pollen. The process of pollen falling from anther to pistil stigma is called pollination.
Fertilization: after the pollen falls on the stigma, it begins to germinate under the stimulation of mucus on the stigma, and grows pollen tubes, which pass through the style, enter the ovary and reach the ovule. Sperm in the pollen tube moves downward with the elongation of the pollen tube, and finally enters the ovule, which contains egg cells, and the egg cells combine with sperm from the pollen tube to form fertilized eggs.
Formation of seeds and fruits: After fertilization, petals, stamens, stigmas and styles all completed their "historical mission", so they withered. Only the ovary continues to develop and eventually becomes a fruit. Among them, the ovary wall develops into pericarp, the ovule in the ovary develops into seed, and the fertilized egg in the ovule develops into embryo.
Characteristics of root system suitable for water absorption: the part of root system that absorbs water is mainly the mature area of root tip. There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area.
Transportation route of moisture: 7+0 1 1.
Utilization of organic matter by green plant 7 P 123
Green plants and carbon-oxygen balance in biosphere (1773, experiment by British scientist Priestley) 7 P 127.
Take good care of vegetation and green the motherland. 7 quotient P 132
Under the seventh grade of biology
The origin and development of mankind: Now the ancestors of apes and human beings are forest apes. 120000 years ago, forest apes were widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, especially in the tropical jungles of Africa.
Schematic diagram of human origin and development: P5 and 7
3 million years ago, human fossils: Lucy 1.75 million years ago, ancient humans: East Africans.
1929: The first Peking man skull fossil was discovered in Pei Wenzhong.
Reproductive system: Life goes through the process of combining male and female germ cells and forming new individuals through embryonic development. This process is completed by the reproductive system. Men and women have different reproductive systems, so do adults and children.
Anatomical diagram of male and female reproductive system: P9 under 7
Reproductive process: 7 times P 10
Delivery: At the 40th week of pregnancy, the fetus will be mature. The mature fetus and placenta are discharged from the mother's vagina. This process is called delivery.
The characteristics of adolescence: sudden height increase, obvious enhancement of nervous system and cardiopulmonary function. Boys have nocturnal emission, and girls will menstruate.
Adolescent sexual consciousness: initially alienated from the opposite sex, to gradually willing to approach the opposite sex, or hazy attachment to the opposite sex.
The basic requirements of family planning in China are: late marriage, late childbearing, fewer births and good births (P 19).
Nutrients in food: Food contains six kinds of nutrients such as sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.
Sugar, fat and protein in food: provide energy for P22.
Water and inorganic salts: water can transport energy, and inorganic salts include calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine and zinc. 7 Xiap24
Vitamin: 7 P26
Changes of food in digestive system: The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive system, including teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The salivary gland has a catheter, and the saliva it secretes enters the mouth through the catheter.
Composition and function of digestive system: 7 P32.
Digestive system: digestive tract: a long tube. Digestive glands are divided into two categories: some are large digestive glands located in the digestive tract, such as the liver; Some are small glands distributed on the inner wall of digestive tract, such as intestinal glands.
Absorption of nutrients: food is digested in the digestive tract and eventually decomposed into nutrients that can be absorbed by the human body, such as glucose and amino acids.
Rational nutrition and food safety: 7 P37
Respiratory system: The respiratory system of human body consists of respiratory tract and lungs. The respiratory system has the structure and function suitable for gas exchange with the outside world.
Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus, which are channels for gas to enter and leave the lungs.
The function of respiratory tract: the passage of gas, which processes the inhaled gas and makes the gas in the lungs warm, moist and clean.
Gas exchange between the lung and the outside world: the lung is the main organ of the respiratory system, located in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right. The left lung has two pages and the right lung has three leaves. Unconsciously, your lungs are already exhaling and inhaling rhythmically.
Mode of lung movement: 7. P49。
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood: 7 P50.
A person breathes more than 20,000 times a day and exchanges at least 1 10,000 liters of gas with the environment every day.
Composition of blood: Blood consists of plasma and blood cells. There is a thin layer of white material at the junction of the two layers, which is white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma: substances needed to transport blood cells and maintain human life activities and wastes produced in the body.
Blood cells: Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. After blood stratification, red blood cells are red in the lower layer, and white blood cells and platelets are fine white at the junction of the two layers.
Red blood cells: The most red blood cells are round cakes with concave sides. They have no nucleus and hemoglobin that can carry oxygen.
Leukocyte: It has a nucleus, which is larger than red blood cells. It can penetrate the capillary wall, surround and devour bacteria.
Platelet: the smallest blood cell, with no nucleus and irregular shape, which can release substances related to coagulation.
Arteries, capillaries and veins: 7 under P67.
Cardiac anatomical map: 7P68.
Schematic diagram of heart work: 7 times of P69.
Blood circulation pattern diagram: 7 P70
Systemic circulation: blood enters the aorta from the left ventricle, then flows through arteries, capillary networks and veins at all levels of the body, and finally collects in the superior and inferior vena cava and returns to the right atrium. This circulatory pathway is called systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation: the blood flowing back to the right atrium is pressed into the pulmonary artery through the right ventricle, flows through the capillary network of the lung, and then flows back to the left atrium from the pulmonary vein. This circulation path is called pulmonary circulation.
Systemic circulation means that blood starts from the left side of the heart and returns to the right side. Pulmonary circulation means that blood starts from the right side of the heart and returns to the left side, thus forming a complete blood circulation path.
1900, the Austrian scientist Landstein discovered the blood type.
Blood transfusion relation table: 7 times that of P76.
Kidney: the organ that forms urine. Each kidney includes about 654.38+0 million structural and functional units, which are called nephrons. Each unit consists of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.
Schematic diagram of internal structure of kidney: P8 1 7.
Urine formation chart: 7 P82.
Bladder: temporary storage of raw urine.
Basic structure and function of eyeball: 7 times P89
The process of vision formation: the light reflected by external objects passes through cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body in turn, is refracted by lens, and finally falls on retina, forming an object image. There are photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cells transmit image information to a certain area of the brain through the optic nerve, and people have vision.
Basic structure and function of the ear: 7 P93.
The process of hearing formation: P94 under 7
Composition of nervous system: The nervous system consists of brain, bone marrow and its nerves.
Composition and function of nervous system: 7 P98.
Neurons: Neurons, also called nerve cells, are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system. There are hundreds of millions of neurons in the human body.
The basic regulation of nerves is reflex.
Reflex: The regular response of the human body to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.
Schematic diagram of steamed bread flying: 7 times P 102.
The human body regulates its own life activities through various simple or complex reflexes, so as to quickly respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.
The main endocrine glands that constitute the endocrine system: 7 P 106.
The life activities of human body are mainly regulated by nervous system, but also influenced by hormone regulation.
In the eighth grade biology class
Fish: So fish can live in water, and there are two important characteristics: one is to get food and defend against enemies through the swing of tail and the coordinated swimming of fins, and the other is to breathe in water with gills.
Other aquatic animals:
Coelenterate: there is no anus in the mouth, food enters the digestive cavity through the mouth, and the digested food residue is still excreted through the mouth.
Molluscs: Molluscs are protected by shells (squid and octopus are degenerated shells and mollusks).
Crustacea: There are hard nails on the body surface.
The growth environment of earthworms and the internal structure of rabbits are P 16.
Animals flying in the air: Animals flying in the air in nature appeared hundreds of millions of years ago. First, insects in invertebrates, then birds in vertebrates and bats in mammals. They are all terrestrial animals and are suitable for flying.
There are more than 9,000 species of birds and 6,543.8+0,000 species of insects in the world.
Birds are suitable for flying: birds are covered with feathers, and their forelimbs become wings, which has the ability to fly quickly; The car body has airbags; Body temperature is high and constant. The body structure and physiological characteristics of birds are adapted to their flying life.
Characteristics of insects: insects have three pairs of feet and can crawl; Some insects' feet are specialized into jumping feet, which can jump; Most insects have wings and can fly. Insects are the only flying animals among invertebrates.
Insect's body: it is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen. The moving organs-wings and feet are born in the chest. Exoskeleton is a tough shell covering the insect body, which can protect and support the soft organs inside and prevent the evaporation of water in the body.
Classification of insects: the classification of insects belongs to arthropods (the body is composed of many segments; There is an exoskeleton on the body surface; Feet and antennae are divided into arthropods)
Amphibians: Amphibians live in amphibious life, breathing with lungs and breathing with skin. This animal is called amphibian.
Animal movement: The pattern diagram of bones and joints of rabbits. The relationship between muscles and bones and joints is on P29.
Coordination of bones, joints and muscles: the change of bone position produces movement, but the bone itself cannot move. The movement of bones depends on the traction of skeletal muscles.
Exercise needs the control and adjustment of motor system and nervous system. It needs energy supply, so it also needs the cooperation of digestive system, respiratory system and circulatory system.
Animal behavior: feeding behavior, defensive behavior, reproductive behavior, migration behavior, etc. It can also be divided into innate behavior and learning behavior.
Characteristics of social behavior: animals with social behavior often form certain organizations within groups, with clear division of labor among members, and some groups also form hierarchies. This is the main feature of social behavior.
Information exchange among groups: 8 on P39
Ecological balance: There is an interdependent and restrictive relationship between the food chain and various organisms in the food web. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of all kinds of organisms are always maintained in a relatively stable state, which is called ecological balance.
Animals and bioreactors: Using bioreactors to produce certain substances needed by human beings can save the cost of building factories and purchasing instruments and equipment, and reduce complex production procedures and environmental pollution.
Animals and bionics: Scientists imitate some structures and functions of organisms through careful observation and study, and invent and create various instruments and equipment, which is bionic.
Colony: Colony is relatively small with smooth or sticky surface or rough and dry. Fungal colonies are usually several to dozens times larger than bacterial colonies. The colonies formed by molds are often fluffy, flocculent or cobweb-like, sometimes red, brown, green, black and yellow.
Discovery of bacteria: Levin, the Netherlands? Hooke made a microscope of 200~300 times to observe the tartar of the elderly and found bacteria.
Pasteur used a goose neck bottle to prove that bacteria were produced by pre-existing bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast were also found, and the methods of preserving wine, pasteurization and preventing surgical infection were put forward. Later, he was called "the father of microbiology".
Morphology and structure of bacteria: the individual of bacteria is very small, about 654.38+0 billion bacteria are as big as a grain of rice. The morphology of bacteria can only be observed by high-power microscope or electron microscope ... Bacteria have no P60 on nucleus 8.
Bacterial reproduction: Bacteria reproduce by division. Some bacteria will shrink in the late growth stage, the cell wall will thicken and form spores. Spore is a dormant body of bacteria and has strong resistance to adverse environment.
Fungal reproduction: Fungi reproduce their offspring by producing a large number of spores.
The role of bacteria and fungi in nature: 1. Participate in the material cycle as a decomposer. 2. Bring diseases to animals, plants and people. 3. Live with animals and plants.
Human Utilization of Bacteria and Fungi: 8 on P70
Biological classification: classification is based on the morphological and structural characteristics of organisms. The basic unit of classification is species.
Plant classification: 8 P8 1.
The biological classification from big to small is: boundary, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Creatures under the eighth grade
Plant propagation:
Sexual reproduction: They bloom, pollinate, bear fruit, and reproduce from the seeds of fruits. The embryo in the seed is developed by combining bisexual germ cells into fertilized eggs.
Asexual reproduction: new individuals are directly produced by the mother and do not need the combination of bisexual germ cells.
Grafting: Grafting the buds or branches of one plant to another plant, so that the two parts can be combined to grow into a complete plant.
Abnormal development: In the process of developing from fertilized eggs to new individuals, the morphological structure and living habits of silkworm larvae and adults are very different. This development process is called metamorphosis.
Complete metamorphosis: after four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult, this development process is complete metamorphosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis: after three stages: egg, nymph and adult, this development process is incomplete metamorphosis.
Reproductive and developmental processes of birds: including courtship, mating, nesting, spawning, hatching and brooding.
Genetic control of biological characteristics: heredity refers to the similarity between parents and children, and variation refers to the differences between parents and children and between offspring individuals. The inheritance and variation of organisms are realized through reproduction and development.
Relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait.
Genes and chromosomes: There are chromosomes in the nucleus, and there are protein and DNA in the chromosomes. The morphology and number of chromosomes in each biological cell are determined.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in biological cells (except germ cells) and human somatic cells.
1883, Belgian embryologist Edward van Beneden discovered that the sperm and chromosomes of Ascaris carinii only have two pairs of chromosomes.
Gene transfer through sperm or egg cells
1858~ 1865 Austrian Mendel discovered the dominance and recessive of genes.
1902, American cytologist Mike Lang discovered that a pair of chromosomes in male cells are different from other chromosomes, which he called sex chromosomes.
1905, American cytologist Wilson said that male sex chromosomes are X and Y chromosomes, and the same pair of chromosomes in female cells are the same, both of which are X chromosomes.
From 65438 to 0953, Miller, a young American scholar, simulated primitive earth conditions and atmospheric composition and synthesized a variety of amino acids.
The trend of biological evolution: from simple to complex, from low to advanced, from aquatic to terrestrial.
Darwin's theory of nature: in nature, all biological individuals have the characteristics of heredity and variation. Only those individuals with favorable variation can easily survive in struggle for existence and pass these variations on to the next generation, while those individuals with unfavorable variation are easily eliminated. In this way, the creatures in nature, through fierce competition for survival, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated, which is natural selection. Organisms continue to evolve through heredity, variation and natural selection.
Pathogen: bacteria, viruses and parasites that cause infectious diseases.
Three basic links in the epidemic of infectious diseases
Source of infection: a person or animal that can spread pathogens.
Transmission route: the route through which pathogens leave the source of infection and reach healthy people. Such as air transmission, food transmission, biological media transmission and so on.
Susceptible population: people who lack immunity to infectious diseases and are susceptible to them.
Preventive measures of infectious diseases: The preventive measures of infectious diseases can be divided into three aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission and protecting susceptible people.
Three lines of defense for human body: 1. Skin and mucous membrane. Bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids. Antibodies produced by immune organs and immune cells.
The third line of defense is the acquired defense function gradually established by the human body after birth, which is characterized by being born and only acting on specific pathogens or foreign bodies, so it is called specific immunity (also known as acquired immunity).
Three functions of immunity: 1. Eliminate aging, death and damaged cells in the body; 2. Resist the invasion of antigens and prevent diseases; 3. Monitor, identify and eliminate abnormal cells produced in the body.
Harm of immunization and planned immunization: P78 under 8
Prescription drug (RX): It can only be purchased with the prescription of a licensed physician or a licensed assistant physician, and the medicine should be taken according to the doctor's advice.
OTC: You can buy it without a doctor's prescription and take the medicine according to the instructions.
Methods of artificial respiration and chest compression: P84 for 8 times.
External bleeding: it can be divided into capillary bleeding, venous bleeding and arterial bleeding.
Harm of smoking and taking drugs: 8 P95
Come on! Do better in the exam!