Source: This product is the dried whole plant of Plantago asiatica L. or Plantago depressa Willd. Excavate in summer, remove sediment and dry in the sun.
Characteristics Plantago: roots are clustered and whisker-shaped. The leaves are basal and have long stalks; the leaves are wrinkled and flattened into an oval-elliptical or broadly oval shape, 6 to 13 cm long and 2.5 to 8 cm wide; the surface is gray-green or dirty green, with 5 to 7 obvious arc-shaped veins; The apex is blunt or short-pointed, the base is broadly wedge-shaped, and the margin is entire or has irregular wavy shallow teeth. There are several spikes and long flower stems. Capsule lid
split, calyx persistent. The smell is slightly fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter.
Before the flat car: the main root is straight and long. The leaf blade is narrow, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, 5 to 14 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide.
Identify the surface view of the leaves of this product: the upper and lower epidermal cells of Plantago are rectangular, and the upper epidermal cells have horny lines. The stomata are infinitive and have 3 to 4 accessory cells. The head of the glandular trichome is 2-celled, oval, and the stalk is single-celled. Non-glandular hairs are rare, with 2 to 5 cells, 100 to 320 μm long, slightly thicker walls, and slightly warty protrusions.
Phanota non-glandular hairs with 3 to 7 cells, 350 to 900 μm long.
Process to remove impurities, wash, cut into sections, and dry in the sun.
Its nature and flavor are sweet and cold.
Returns through the liver, kidney, lung, and small intestine meridians.
Functions: Clear heat, diuresis, expectorant, cool blood, and detoxify. It is used for edema and oliguria, hot stranguria and astringent pain, summer-damp diarrhea and dysentery, phlegm-heat cough, vomiting blood and epistaxis, carbuncle and sore.
Usage and dosage: 9~30g; fresh product: 30~60g, decoction or puree. For external use, apply an appropriate amount of fresh product to the affected area.
Storage in a ventilated and dry place.
Excerpt from "Chinese Pharmacopoeia"
Top of page
"Chinese Materia Medica": Plantain
Source: Plantain is used as medicine from its seeds. , first recorded in "Benjing" and "Bielu", both leaves and roots were used. "Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "There are many people on the roadside." "Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "...they can be found everywhere in Jianghu, Huaidian, near Beijing, and northern areas today. Seedlings appear in early spring, and the leaves are spread on the ground like the surface of a spoon. Over time, it is more than a foot long, like a rat's tail, the flowers are very thin, and the color is green and slightly red; it is as strong as a tangerine, red and black. "And the picture of "Chuzhou Plantain Seed" is also painted. According to its morphology, it is indeed a plant of the family Plantaceae.
The pinyin name is Chē Qián Cǎo
Alternately known as 苤苢, 马舄, 车前, 道道, ling 舄, oxtongue grass, shrimp toad clothes, oxen leaves, winning 舄, and wheel vegetables , clam grass, clam grass, shrimp grass, money grass, ox grass, wild sugar beet, gallbladder, white grass, pig's ear grass, rice spoon grass, seven-star grass, five-root grass, yellow frog grass , toad grass, pig belly, gray pot grass, lawsuit grass, millgrass, donkey ear grass, money bunch grass, cow beet, yellow toad leaf, cow ear tree
Source of medicinal materials: Plantainaceae Plant the whole plant in front of the plant, the front of the large plant and the front of the flat plant.
Latin plant, animal and mineral names: 1.Plantago asiatica L.2.Plantago major L.3.Plantago depressa Willd
Harvest and storage: Harvest in the autumn of the second year after sowing. Dig up the whole plant, wash away the sediment, dry it in the sun or use it fresh.
Original form 1. Plantago is a perennial herb with flower stems up to 50cm tall. With fibrous roots; with a long stalk, almost as long as the blade or longer than the blade, with an enlarged base; the blade is oval or elliptical, 4-12cm long, 2-7cm wide, with a pointed or blunt apex, a narrow base with a long stalk, entire or elliptical edges. Irregular wavy shallow teeth, usually with 5-7 arc-shaped veins. There are several flower stems, 12-50cm high, angular and sparsely hairy. The spike is 2/5-1/2 of the flower stem; the flowers are light green and each flower has 1 persistent bract, triangular; the calyx is 4 and the base is slightly Entire, elliptical or ovoid, persistent; corolla is small, membranous, corolla tube is oval, with 4 triangular lobes at the apex, curling outwards; 4 stamens, inserted near the base of the corolla tube, alternate with the corolla lobes, Anthers oblong, with a triangular protrusion at the apex, filaments linear; pistil 1; ovary superior, oval, 2-chambered (false 4-chambered), style 1, linear and hairy. The capsule is ovate-conical, peripherally split on the lower 2/5 when mature, and persists on the lower 2/5. Seeds 4-8 or 9, nearly oval, dark brown. The flowering period is from June to September and the fruiting period is from October.
2. The difference between Plantago and Plantago is that the leaves are oval or broadly oval, 6-10cm long, 3-6cm wide, with a rounded and blunt apex and a rounded and wide wedge-shaped base; the base of the petiole is Often enlarged or sheath-like. The spikes are 3-10cm long and the flowers are closely arranged. 7-15 seeds, black.
3. The difference between the flat car and the previous two is that the plant has cylindrical tap roots. The leaves are elliptical, elliptical-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in shape, with a narrow base. Calyx lobes and bracts approximately equal in length. Capsule cone-shaped. Seeds are oblong, brown-black.
Habitat distribution Ecological environment: 1. Grows in mountains, roadsides, flower or vegetable gardens, and riverside wetlands.
2. Grows in moist places along roadsides, ditches and fields.
3. Born on hillsides, fields and riversides below 1800m above sea level.
Resource distribution: 1. Distributed throughout the country.
2. Distributed throughout the country.
3. Distributed throughout the country, but mostly in the north.
Cultivation biological characteristics: It likes a warm and humid climate, is relatively cold-tolerant, and can grow in mountainous areas, hills, and flat dams. The soil requirements are not strict. It can be planted on general land, in the corners of fields, in front of and behind houses, but it grows best in fertile, moist sandy soil.
Cultivation technology Propagation by seeds: direct seeding or seedling transplanting method. Mature seeds are harvested from June to October. Spring direct seeding is carried out from March to April. Open a 1.3m wide border, dig shallow holes with a spacing of about 27cm between rows and plants, and use 4.5kg of seeds per 1hm2. Seedling transplanting method, sow in autumn from September to October, open a 1.3m wide border, broadcast, use 15kg of seeds per 1hm2, transplant from late February to late March, open holes according to the distance between rows and plants, about 27cm each, and plant in each hole 2-3 seedlings can be transplanted for about 10hm2 per 1hm2 seedbed.
Field management: Cultivating, weeding, and top dressing are required three times during the growth period. For planting using the direct seeding method, the first planting should be done when the seedlings are 3cm tall, and the second and third planting should be done in May and June. For seedling transplanting, each time is carried out half a month after transplanting, the second time is after harvesting the first batch of fruit ears, and the third time is after harvesting the second batch of fruit ears.
Pests and diseases control: leaf spot is a disease that can be controlled by spraying 500-600 times of 65% dacenium aqueous solution. For root rot, 1000-1500 times of 50% sterile wettable powder can be used for irrigation. Downy mildew can be prevented and controlled by spraying 1:1:300 Bordeaux mixture before and after the onset of disease. Insect pests include aphids, which can be controlled with 40% Dimethoate EC 800-1500 times. Mole crickets can be watered with 1000 times of 50% zinc, sulfur and phosphorus emulsifiable concentrate.
Character identification (1) Plantago has dense fibrous roots. The leaves are densely grown at the base and have long stalks; the leaves are wrinkled and become oval or broadly oval after being flattened, 4-12cm long and 2-5cm wide, with a blunt or short pointed apex, a wide wedge-shaped base, and a nearly entire, wavy edge. Or there are sparse and blunt teeth, with 7 obvious basal veins, and the surface is gray-green or dirty green. There are several spikes, and the flowers are arranged sparsely on the stems, 5-15cm long. Capsule oval, peripherally divided, calyx persisting. The smell is slightly fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter.
(2) Plantago has short and fat rhizome with fibrous roots. The leaves are ovate or broadly ovate, 6-10cm long and 3-6cm wide. The apex is rounded and blunt, the base is round or broadly wedge-shaped, and there are 5-7 veins emerging from the base. The spikes are closely arranged. Yu Tong was in front of the car.
(3) Before the flat car, the main root is conical, straight and long. The leaves are oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, 5-10cm long, 1-3cm wide, with small or irregularly serrated edges, narrow base, and 5-7 veins emerging from the base. The flowers are densely grown at the top of the spike and sparse at the lower part. Same as above.
Those with intact leaves and gray-green color are the best.
Microscopic identification of the surface of leaves: (1) The upper and lower epidermal cells of Plantago are square-shaped, the upper epidermal cells are larger and have horny lines; the stomata are indeterminate and there are 3-4 accessory cells; glands The hair head has 2 cells, oval, 48-72μm long and 15-18μm wide. There are more than 30 non-glandular hair cells on the petiole, and 7-9 vascular bundles in the cross section of the petiole.
(2) Plantago plantarum has 2 cells on the head of the glandular trichome, 36-48 μm long and 30-38 μm wide, and a single cell on the stalk, 12-24 μm long and 12-24 μm wide. There are 10-15 non-glandular hair cells on the petiole. There are 4-7 vascular bundles in the cross section of petiole.
(3) There are 2 cells in the head of the glandular trichome, 30-42 μm long and 20-24 μm wide, and a single cell in the stalk, 15-21 μm long and 12-15 μm wide.
There are 20-30 non-glandular hair cells on the petiole. There are 5-7 vascular bundles in the cross section of petiole.
Chemical composition 1. Plantain whole plant contains ursolic acid, n-hentriacontane, β-sitoserol, stigmasterol (stig- masterol), β-sitosteryl palmitate, stigmasteryl palmitate [1], aucubin [2], plantainoside A. B, C, D, E, F, cal-ceorioside B (cal-ceorioside B) is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl-6-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucoside ( 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol-6-O-caffeoyl-β-D-glucoside), acteoside, isoacteoside, acteoside, day Leucosceptoside A, isomatynoside, martynoside [3].
The aerial part contains plantaginin, rhamnose-isoeugenol, eugenol glycoside, plantaginin, rhamnose-isoeugenol, and Eugenol glycoside, plantamajoside, 7-hydroxyplantamajoside (hellicoside) [4].
The leaves contain aucubin [2], plantain flavonoid glycoside [5], and homoplanta-ginin [6].
The roots contain aucubin [2], flavonoid glycoside [5], and homoplanta-ginin [6].
The roots contain stachyose, sucrose, raffinose and other sugars [7].
2. Plantain whole plant contains oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, luteolin, and 6-hydroxyluteolin. (6-hydroxyluteolin), eugenol glycoside, luteolin7-O-glucoside (lu-teolin7-O-glucoside), 6-hydroxyluteolin-7-O-glucoside (6-hydroxy-luteolin7- O-glucoside) [8], monoterpene iridoid glycosides aucubin, plantarenaloside, ixoroside, as-peruloside, chervil Glycoside (melampyroside) [9], major plantain glycoside (majoro-side) [10].
The leaves contain fumaric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, syringic acid, vannillic acid, p-coumaric acid (p -coumaric acid), gentisic acid, salicylic acid, tyrosol, 3,4-dihydroxy cin-namic acid methyl ester , 3,4-dihydroxy cinnamic acid ethyl ester, loliolide, digiprola-ctone [11], baicalein, scutellarein ), luteolin, baicalin, chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid [12], aucubin [13], plantainin [14] and polysaccharide___ _Plantago peel (plantaglucide) [15.
Pharmacological effects 1. Effect on the urinary system: Plantain has a certain diuretic effect, which can increase the excretion of water in dogs, rabbits and humans, and increase the excretion of urea, uric acid and sodium chloride. Plantain ethanol extract can inhibit the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in horse kidney in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase activity (IC50) is 16.0 μg/ml. Plantain water-extracted alcohol precipitate was injected intravenously into dogs at 0.5g crude drug/kg, which significantly caused an increase in urine output, increased ureteral peristalsis frequency, and increased intracavity pressure in the upper ureter. Pressure changes are manifested as peristaltic, short-term (15-70 seconds) tonic and long-term (more than 70 seconds) tonic pressure increases. The synergistic effects of these aspects are beneficial to the downward movement of ureteral stones, which may be one of the mechanisms of plantain as a diuretic and stone expeller.
2. Antitussive, antiasthmatic, and expectorant effects: Giving plantain decoction to cats in high and low doses can significantly increase the cat’s cough-inducing electrical stimulation threshold, and with subsequent As the dose increases, the mapping becomes stronger. Mice taking 30g/kg plantain decoction can significantly inhibit cough caused by ammonia water. Plantain decoction 2.0×10(-2)g/L can significantly increase the pulmonary outflow of rabbit bronchopulmonary specimens. Plantain decoction can significantly antagonize the contraction of the isolated trachea of ??guinea pigs caused by histamine and acetylcholine, relax the tracheal smooth muscle, and have an antiasthmatic effect. Giving plantain decoction to rabbits can significantly increase the amount of rabbit tracheal secretions and have a certain expectorant effect. Giving plantain decoction to the cat's stomach can increase the secretions in the trachea of ??anesthetized cats and have a significant expectorant effect, but the effect is not as good as Platycodon grandiflorum. The effect reaches its peak 3-6 hours after administration and can last for 6-7 hours. In addition to promoting the secretion of tracheal and bronchial mucus, plantain flavonoid glycosides can also inhibit the respiratory center, make breathing deeper and slower, and have a certain antitussive effect.
3. Anti-pathogenic microorganism effect: Plantain water infusion has varying degrees of inhibitory effects on Trichophyton concentricum, Microsporum woolly, Nocardia stellate, etc. in the test tube. . The plate hole method showed that Staphylococcus aureus was highly sensitive to plantain, Shigella dysenteriae was moderately sensitive, and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Typhimurium were mildly sensitive. Plantain alcohol extract 15mg/ml has the effect of killing Leptospira.
4. Effect on the stomach and intestinal tract: 0.5g/kg of plantain extract or infusion is given to dogs with Pavlovian stomach and gastric diseases, which has a two-way regulating effect on gastric juice secretion. ; It has antagonistic effects on the hypersecretion of gastric juice caused by pilocarpine and the hyposecretion of gastric juice caused by epinephrine. Plantain has an inhibitory effect on the working stomach, but has no effect on the quiet stomach. Plantain can also temporarily increase intestinal juice secretion but has no significant effect on intestinal motility. Plantago pectin obtained from the water extraction of Plantago leaves can reduce the gastric ulcer index of rats by 95%, promote the secretion of gastric juice in dogs, reduce the contraction amplitude of isolated intestinal tubes in rabbits, and resist the contractile effects of barium chloride and histamine. Plantain pectin has good preventive and therapeutic effects on mouse models of immobilized gastric ulcer, aspirin-induced gastric ulcer, and phenylbutazone-induced gastric ulcer. Plantain pectin powder can also prolong gastric emptying time in rats.
5. Anti-inflammatory effect: Rats orally administered psyllium pectin 0.5g/kg or 1g/kg have a significant inhibitory effect on inflammatory edema caused by formaldehyde or dextran.
6. Other effects: Plantain extract has a weak inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites cancer and mouse sarcoma S180. A small dose of plantaginin can slow down the heartbeat of rabbits, increase its amplitude, and increase blood pressure. A large dose can cause heart paralysis and lower blood pressure. It also makes breathing deeper, louder and slower, promotes the secretion of the bronchus and digestive tract, and promotes the movement of the intestines and uterus. The aucubin contained in the whole plant has a purgative effect on mice. Diarrhea started 6 hours after taking the medicine, and its half effective dose was 0.39g/kg. Ruucin can also protect the liver and resist the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride and alpha-muscarin. It is also an antidote for poisonous mushrooms such as Amanita phalloides. Phenylethanoid glycosides obtained from Plantago have antioxidant effects. In the lipid peroxidation reaction induced by ADP and NADPH in rat liver microsomes, the IC50 of Plantagoside D was 0.36 μmol. /L.
The median lethal dose of intravenous administration of toxic plantain decoction to mice is 7.9g/kg. The median lethal dose of psyllium pectin aqueous solution intraperitoneally injected into mice was 1.7g/kg; rats were orally administered 2g/kg and 3g/kg daily for 28 days, and dogs were orally administered 3g/kg and 5g/kg daily for 3 consecutive days. Weeks later, no obvious abnormalities were found.
Prepared "Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun": "Use the leaves, not the stamens... file, spread it on a new tile to dry." "Qian Jin Yao Prescription": "Cut." Current, take Remove the impurities from the raw medicinal materials, wash them with water, moisten them slightly, cut them into sections, dry them and sieve them to remove the dust. Characteristics of the decoction pieces: irregular small segments, mixed with roots, leaves and flowers. The roots are irregularly segmented. The leaves are wrinkled, some are broken, the surface is gray-green or dirty green, the longitudinal veins are obvious, and there are 5-7 arc-shaped veins. Inflorescence spike-like. It has a slight odor, slightly bitter taste, and is sticky. Store in a dry container in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moth.
Nature and flavor are sweet; cold in nature
Returns to liver, kidney, and bladder meridian
Functions: Clearing heat and diuresis; cooling blood; detoxifying. Mainly used for heat knot in the bladder; difficulty in urination; stranguria and leucorrhea; summer-heat diarrhea and dysentery; epistaxis; hematuria; liver heat and red eyes; sore throat; carbuncle and sores
Usage and Dosage Oral administration: decoction, 15-30g, fresh product 30-60g; or make juice and take. External use: Appropriate amount, decoct in water and wash, mash and apply or apply juice.
Note that "Ben Jing Feng Yuan": "It is contraindicated if the essence is weak and slippery and the essence is not solid."